02359 - General Pathology and Physiopathology

Learning outcomes

At the end of the course the student: - has clear concepts of disease, etiology and pathogenesis, also knows the etiology of morbid processes and understands the pathogenetic mechanism of their development; - knows the fundamental biological defenses implemented in response to pathogens, the morphological alterations that the latter cause in cells and tissues and the systemic and functional consequences for the organism; - is capable of connecting molecular, morphological, microbiological, immunological and physiological knowledge with the etiopathogenesis of the disease processes and the fundamental pathophysiological mechanisms of the organism; - will be able to use basic biomedical knowledge and general pathology and pathophysiology for the critical interpretation of experimental and clinical data; - is able to understand the reasons for the signs and symptoms of morbid processes and has the basis for a clinical practice based on objective findings.

Course contents

INTRODUCTION

Objectives of the integrated course

Concepts of disease, etiology and pathogenesis

ENVIRONMENTAL PATHOLOGY

Physical agent pathologyLocal and systemic effects of high and low temperatures Damage from smoking Pathology caused by chemical agents Ethanol: absorption and detoxification Ethanol: acute and chronic toxic effects Pathology due to biological agents Local and systemic effects of endotoxins Pathogenic mechanism of exotoxins (diphtheria, cholera, tetanus and botulinum)

CELLULAR PATHOLOGY

Cellular adaptations Physiological and pathological atrophy Physiological and pathological hypertrophy Physiological and pathological hyperplasia Metaplasia and dysplasia Reversible cell changes Aetiopathogenesis of cell damage Vacuolar degeneration Steatosis: etiology and classification Steatosis: pathogenetic mechanisms Cell death Apoptosis: etiopathogenesis Apoptosis: morphological alterations Necrosis: etiopathogenesis Necrosis: classificatio; Ferroptosis, Necroptptosis and Pyroptosis:  etiopathogenesis and classification

EXTRACELLULAR ACCUMULATION PATHOLOGY

Systemic amyloidosis Localized amyloidosis

DAMAGE RESPONSE MECHANISMS

Acute inflammation General features Etiology Vascular phenomena Formation and functions of the exudate Cellular phenomena Phagocytosis Chemical mediators: plasma proteases Chemical mediators: cellular products Classification Outcomes and systemic effects Chronic inflammation Nonspecific forms Granulomatous forms Pneumoconiosis Etiopathogenesis of tuberculous disease Outcomes and consequences of tuberculous disease

REPAIR MECHANISMS

 Tissue repair and connective tissue formation Granulation tissue Wound healing Pathogenesis of sclerosis and cirrhosis Morphological aspects and consequences of liver cirrhosis

GENERAL PHYSIOPATHOLOGY

General pathophysiology of haemostasis

Pathophysiology of endothelial cells Aetiopathogenesis of vascular purpura Etiopathogenesis of thrombocytopenia and thrombasthenia Etiopathogenesis of coagulation defects Etiopathogenesis of disseminated intravascular coagulation

General pathophysiology of vessels and circulation Classification of arteriosclerosis Risk factors for atherosclerosis Formation and pathogenesis of atheroma Consequences of atherosclerosis Etiopathogenesis of thrombosis Thrombosis classification Etiology and classification of emboli Pathogenesis and consequences of embolism Aetiopathogenesis of infarction Aetiopathogenesis of hypertension Aetiopathogenesis of shock Aetiopathogenesis of hypoxia and cyanosis Hypoxic, anemic, stagnant and histotoxic hypoxia

Endocrine, metabolism and metabolism pathophysiology Etiopathogenesis of diabetes mellitus Consequences of diabetes Etiopathogenesis of transudative edema Localized and generalized oedemas Calcium metabolism Dystrophic and metastatic calcifications

Pathophysiology of thermoregulation

Etiopathogenesis of fever and non-febrile hyperthermia

Readings/Bibliography

V. Kumar, A.K. Abbas, J.C. Aster. “Robbins e Cotran - Le basi patologiche delle malattie”, 9^a edizione, 2015, Casa Editrice Edra, Milano

Pontieri G.M. “Patologia Generale e Fisiopatologia Generale", VI Edizione, 2019, Piccin Editore

Selected scientific literature

Teaching methods

Lectures with ppt presentations.

Assessment methods

The exam is oral with questions on theory and questions on the Pathology laboratory.

The final grade is calculated as the arithmetic mean between theory and laboratory.

The exam is passed if a mark of at least 18/30 is obtained in each course.

Teaching tools

The teaching material presented in class will be made available on https://virtuale.unibo.it/ in electronic format

Office hours

See the website of Aurelia Santoro