00088 - Chemistry

Learning outcomes

CdS 8518. Scienze Farmaceutiche Applicate  

The student will acquire the basic principles of  General Chemistry . In particular: the atomic structure; the chemical properties of the elements and their compounds; the molecular structures; the chemical reactions; the energy exchange; the matter states; the kinetics of chemical reactions; the equilibria in solution, the acid-base properties; the electrochemistry. 

CdS 8523: Verde Ornamentale e Tutela del Paesaggio

The student will acquire the basic principles of  General and Organic Chemistry . In particular: the atomic structure; the chemical properties of the elements and their compounds; the molecular structures; the chemical reactions; the energy exchange; the matter states; the kinetics of chemical reactions; the equilibria in solution, the acid-base properties. At the end of the Chemistry course the student acquires the basic knowledge of the structure of matter and the thermodynamic and kinetic principles that govern its transformation, the basics for understanding the relationships between structure, properties and reactivity of organic molecules. Moreover, the student is able to understand, from the molecular point of view, the chemical reactions that occur in the biosphere, as well as to predict the behavior of a molecule as a function of its structure. The knowledge gained in this course will be useful in understanding those of agricultural chemistry, agricultural meteorology and agricultural ecology, elements of Geopedology, plant pathology and Phytoiatry, and ornamental arboriculture.

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Course contents

CdS 8518 SCIENZE FARMACEUTICHE APPLICATE (56 hrs, Theory, 7 credits)

1. ELEMENTS OF CHEMISTRY

Maths fundamentals to solve chemistry problems. The matter and its properties. Atoms and molecules and their dimension.  Atomic and molecular weights. The mole and the Atomic Mass Unit.  The Avogadro's number.

THE ATOMIC STRUCTURE

Atomic composition. Dimension and structure of the nucleus. Isotopes. Isotopes abundance and atomic weight. Stable and radioactive nucleus. β- and β+ , Electron capture, α decays. The decay laws. Environmental radioactivity. Electronic configuration of the elements. The Planck's constant and the energy quantization. The wave-corpuscular dual behaviour. The uncertainty principle. Orbitals and the quantum numbers. Quantum theory for the hydrogen atom. Energy levels in poly-electron atoms. Ionization energy. The periodic Table of the elements and the properties of the elements. Electron affinity. Electronegativity.

THE CHEMICAL BOND

Elements and compounds. Electronic configuration and molecular geometry. Nomenclature of inorganic compounds. Lewis structures. Oxidation number. The covalent bond. The polar covalent bond. Ionic bond. Molecular orbitals theory (LCAO). Hybrid orbitals method. VSEPR method. Resonance. Coordination bonds. Metallic bond. The hydrogen bond and its importance for the biological macromolecules structure and function. Intermolecular forces.

CHEMICAL REACTIONS.

Equation balancing. Algebraic method. The redox reactions and their balancing, half- reactions method. Stoichiometry.

THERMODYNAMICS

Matter states. General properties of solid, liquid and gaseous states. Changes of states and phase diagrams. General properties of solutions: ideal and real solutions, the activity coefficients, Ionic force. Colligative properties. Internal energy and enthalpy. Entropy. Free energy and spontaneity of reactions. Free energy and chemical equilibrium. Kinetics theory of the gas state. The Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution of energy and speed.

THE KINETICS OF THE CHEMICAL REACTIONS

Rate of reaction. Reaction mechanisms and the intermediate steps. First and second order reactions. Kinetic equation. Parameters affecting the kinetic constant; the temperature and activation energy effect. Catalysis. Kinetics and chemical equilibrium.

CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIA

Chemical equilibrium. The Equilibrium constant. Homogeneous and heterogeneous equilibria. Acid- base equilibria. The Kw. Acids and bases: the Lewis, Broensted, and Lowry theories. The Ka and the pKa. The Kb. The pH. pH values of 1) strong acids or bases solution; 2) of weak acids or bases solutions; 3) of amphoteric species; 4) salts solutions. Buffers. Solubility and Kps. Solubility and pH. The common ion effect. Liquid-liquid heterogeneous equilibria, the partition coefficients.

ELECTROCHEMISTRY 

Electrochemical cells. Electrode potentials. Standard redox potentials. The Nernst law. Spontaneity of redox reactions and equilibrium constants. Galvanic cells. Electrolysis.

 

CdS 8523 VERDE ORNAMENTALE E TUTELA DEL PAESAGGIO

1st Part: General Chemistry (35 hours, Theory, 5 credits)

ELEMENTS OF CHEMISTRY

Maths fundamentals to solve chemistry problems. The matter and its properties. Atoms and molecules and their dimension.  Atomic and molecular weights. The mole and the Atomic Mass Unit.  The Avogadro's number.

THE ATOMIC STRUCTURE

Atomic components. Dimension and structure of the nucleus. Isotopes. Electronic configuration of the elements. The Planck's constant and the energy quantization. The wave-corpuscular dual behaviour. The uncertainty principle. Orbitals and the quantum numbers. The periodic Table of the elements and the properties of the elements. Ionization energy. Electron affinity. Electronegativity.

THE CHEMICAL BOND

Elements and compounds. Electronic configuration and molecular geometry. Nomenclature of inorganic compounds. Lewis structures. Oxidation number. The covalent bond. The polar covalent bond. Ionic bond. Molecular orbitals theory (LCAO). Hybrid orbitals method. VSEPR method. Resonance. Coordination bonds. Metallic bond. The hydrogen bond and its importance for the biological macromolecules structure and function. Intermolecular forces.

CHEMICAL REACTIONS.

Equation balancing. Algebraic method. The redox reactions and their balancing, half-reactions method. Stoichiometry.

THERMODYNAMICS

Matter states. General properties of solid, liquid and gaseous states. Changes of states and phase diagrams. General properties of solutions: ideal and real solutions, the activity coefficients, Ionic force. Colligative properties. Internal energy and enthalpy. Entropy. Free energy and spontaneity of reactions. Free energy and chemical equilibrium. Kinetics theory of the gas state. The Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution of energy and speed.

THE KINETICS OF THE CHEMICAL REACTIONS

Rate of reaction.  Kinetic equation. Parameters affecting the kinetic constant; the temperature and activation energy effect. Catalysis. 

CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIA

Chemical equilibrium. The Equilibrium constant. Homogeneous and heterogeneous equilibria. Acid- base equilibria. The Kw. Acids and bases: the Lewis, Broensted, and Lowry theories. The Ka and the pKa. The Kb. The pH. pH values of 1) strong acids or bases solution; 2) of weak acids or bases solutions; 3) of amphoteric species; 4) salts solutions. Buffers. Solubility and Kps. Solubility and pH. The common ion effect. Liquid-liquid heterogeneous equilibria, the partition coefficients.

2nd Part: Organic Chemistry 5 Credits Theory: 18 hours

1. Alkanes: Nomenclature of linear alkanes, branched and cyclic). Alkenes and Alkynes: Nomenclature.
2. Stereochemistry. Definition and geometric considerations on isomers, divided into structure isomers and stereoisomers, the latter divided into enantiomers and diastereoisomers. Nomenclature of chiral centers R-S. Cis-trans nomenclature. Chemical, physical, and interaction with polarized light of enantiomers and diastereoisomers. Meso compounds and racemic mixtures. How to determine the chirality of a chiral carbon of a molecule according to the Fisher rules.
3. Correlation between characteristics of organic molecules and their melting points and boiling. Elements of thermodynamics. Correlation between the characteristics of a molecule and its stability: the case of cyclic molecules.
4. IUPAC systematic nomenclature and fancy of alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, amines, thiols and thioethers. Carbonyl and carboxyl group. Correlation between the structure of a molecule and acid-base properties: . The student must be aware of the role it plays the hybridization of the carbons of these substances on their acidity. The student must be aware of which substance gives rise to carbocations, carbanions and more stable and must be able to provide an interpretation of this experimental data.
5. Benzene and Aromaticity: description of the phenomenon of aromaticity - benzene derivatives - resonance in benzene derivatives - conjugative and inductive effects of the substituent groups - effect of the substituent on the acid-base properties of some aromatic molecules. Exercises of acidity or alkalinity of substances: conjugative and inductive effect exerted by the phenyl group and substituents that may be present on it.
6. Groups containing C = O: nomenclature and properties of carboxylic acids, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids and esters, soaps and detergents, fats and oils. The student must know what are the limits of resonance structures necessary to understand the reactivity of this functional group. Description of the addition reaction to the carbonyl carbon by a nucleophile.
7. Monosaccharides. Description of the functional groups. Nomenclature D and L. Ring closure. Polysaccharides. Formation of glycosides. Dimer formation. Mutarotation.
8. Description of amino acids. Nomenclature D and L amino acids.

Upon completion of this course unit, students acquire the basic theoretical knowledge about the structure of matter and the thermodynamic and kinetic principles that govern its transformation. The student will also be able to predict, from the structure, properties and reactivity of the organic molecules.

2nd Part: Organic Chemistry Laboratory: 12 hours

The students will be provided in the classroom specific explanations on how to set up a lab experiment in order to highlight the particular properties of a substance or a sample of interest. The aspect that will focus the attention will be inductive and conjugative effect of functional groups. In the laboratory the student 3 separate substances of different acidity through thin layer chromatography (TLC). The student will be able to assess the relative acidity of the substances examined according to the inductive and conjugative effect of functional groups present in them. The student will be proposed some methods for recovering the substances themselves with a view to subsequent characterizations.

 

Upon completion of this course unit, the student will have gained the necessary experience to understand the practical implications of the concepts learned in the first unit.

 

Readings/Bibliography

The teaching materials supplied by the teacher only represent the outline of the topics included in the Programe. To prepare the final examination the consultation of a university-level textbook is essential. Following you find some examples of exactly equivalent textbooks:

CdS 8518 SCIENZE FARMACEUTICHE APPLICATE 

.-P. Atkins, L. Jones, “Principi di chimica” Zanichelli;

-J. E. Brady, J. R. Holum, “Fondamenti di chimica”, Zanichelli.

-J. Kotz, P. Treichel, G Weaver, “Chimica”, EdiSES.

-R. Chang, “Fondamenti di Chimica Generale”, McGraw-Hill

-N.J. Tro, “Chimica, un approccio molecolare”, EdiSES.

 

CdS 8523 VERDE ORNAMENTALE E TUTELA DEL PAESAGGIO

General Chemistry

-P. Atkins, L. Jones, “Principi di chimica” Zanichelli;

-J. E. Brady, J. R. Holum, “Fondamenti di chimica”, Zanichelli.

-J. Kotz, P. Treichel, G Weaver, “Chimica”, EdiSES.

-R. Chang, “Fondamenti di Chimica Generale”, McGraw-Hill

-N.J. Tro, “Chimica, un approccio molecolare”, EdiSES.

Organic Chemistry

 McMurray, "Organic Chemistry", Freeman;

 Solomons, "Organic Chemistry", Freeman

Teaching methods

CdS 8518.Scienze Farmaceutiche Applicate  

 The teaching unit consists of lectures accompanied by stoichiometric exercises.   

 

CdS 8523 VERDE ORNAMENTALE E TUTELA DEL PAESAGGIO

General Chemistry teaching unit: it consists of lectures accompanied by stoichiometric exercises. 

Organic Chemistry: The course is divided into two teaching units: the first, theoretical, consists of lectures accompanied by exercises of application of the concepts presented. At the theoretical presentation of each topic are followed by several lessons devoted to the solution of specific problems and exercises that emphasize the applied nature of the discipline and aim to instill in them the method, i.e. the ability to translate chemical language in a concrete problem to determine the solution. The second module includes laboratory activities aimed at deepening from an experimental point of view some aspects of the topics covered in class.

  

Assessment methods

CdS 8518. SCIENZE FARMACEUTICHE APPLICATE

The final examination consists of a written test (2 h length, to look at textbooks or notes is allowed).

Students which obtain a score not lower than 18/30 can require to record it as the final score of the General Chemistry exam. This decision must be taken within 12 months unless the student participate to a new written test, which score will be the only one valid. In case of a score not sufficient  but not lower of 15/30 the student can sit for the oral examination to improve the score. Matter of the oral exam will be the discussion about one or more topics (practical exercises or theory) selected by the teacher. In case the student fails the oral exam the previous written test will be annulled.

CdS 8523 VERDE ORNAMENTALE E TUTELA DEL PAESAGGIO

The students will take a separated examination for each Teaching Unit at the end of both Units lessons. The scores (both ≥ 18/30) will be averaged to calculate the score to record for the CHEMISTRY course.

General Chemistry Unit: The final examination consists of a written test (2 h length, to look at textbooks or notes is allowed). The score is valid for 12 months unless the student will participate to a new written test. Students which obtain a score not lower than 18/30 can ask to average it with the score obtained in the Organic Chemistry test. Students which obtain a not sufficient score, but not lower than 15/30 can sit for the oral examination to improve the score. Matter of the oral exam will be the discussion about one or more topics (practical exercises or theory) selected by the teacher.

Organic Chemistry Unit: the verification consists of an oral exam:  3 questions will be posed ranging over the whole of the topics covered in class.

 

Teaching tools

PC connected projector, overhead projector for class lessons.

Distribution of copies of extra-materials when needed and possibility to download the files of the lessons from the website of the teacher.

Office hours

See the website of Elida Nora Ferri

See the website of Luca Laghi