- Docente: Gastone Castellani
- Credits: 2
- SSD: FIS/07
- Language: Italian
- Teaching Mode: Traditional lectures
- Campus: Bologna
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Corso:
First cycle degree programme (L) in
Neurophysiopathology techniques (cod. 8482)
Also valid for First cycle degree programme (L) in Biomedical Laboratory techniques (cod. 8484)
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from Oct 17, 2023 to Nov 28, 2023
Learning outcomes
At the end of the course, the student knows the basics of mechanics, thermology, electromagnetism, wave phenomena and modern physics. Learn the application of phenomena of mechanical, thermal, and electromagnetic origin to phenomena of biological origin.
Course contents
Contents
Introduction to Physics.
Operational definition of physical quantity and its dimensions. Systems of units and fundamental constants, dimensional equations. Vectors and elements of vector algebra. Fundamentals of measurement methodology and error theory. Infinitesimal and finite sizes.
Mechanics.
Principles of mechanics and dynamics.
Concept of force field and its description; various types of forces
Applications of the equation of motion in some particular cases of biomedical interest.
Definition of work and energy
Cardinal equations of statics; application to muscle levers. Elastic and viscous forces.
Static and dynamic balance.
Fluid mechanics.
Description and elementary properties of fluids; density pressure etc.
Equilibrium in fluids, laws of Archimedes, Pascal, Stevino. Torricelli's experience.
Equation of continuity. Flow rate of a duct. Torricelli theorem
Classification of fluid motion.
Bernoulli's theorem, consequences and applications.
Real fluids, viscosity, Poiseuille's law; viscous resistance.
Flow of viscous fluids in laminar and turbulent conditions.
Hydrodynamic circuits: vessel resistance, measurement of the pressure and speed of a fluid in a duct.
Fundamentals of hemodynamics
Surface tension; capillarity, pulmonary alveoli and surfactants; gas embolism.
Waves, oscillations and acoustics.
Harmonic Oscillator: free, damped, forced oscillations and resonance.
Representation of wave motion, propagation, superposition principle, speed and energy of a wave, transversal and longitudinal waves, stationary waves, interference diffraction beats.
Sounds and their subjective characteristics (pitch, intensity, timbre); Fourier theorem, definition of Decibel; ultrasound and Doppler effect (note on ultrasound)
Thermodynamics of biological systems
Optics.
Main laws of geometrical optics: reflection, refraction, dispersion.
Mirrors and lenses, formula of conjugate points.
Optical instruments and microscopes: (compound optical, phase contrast, electron microscope).
Physical optics: interference, diffraction, wave nature of light and electronic optics.
Thermodynamics of biological systems
Optics.
Main laws of geometrical optics: reflection, refraction, dispersion.
Mirrors and lenses, formula of conjugate points.
Optical instruments and microscopes: (compound optical, phase contrast, electron microscope).
Physical optics: interference, diffraction, wave nature of light and electronic optics.
Electric and magnetic phenomena.
Electrostatics, Coulomb's law. Gauss's theorem for the electric field.
Potential energy and electric potential, electrical work.
Properties of the electrostatic field: charge distributions. Potential energy of a charge distribution.
The conductors; induction; the condenser. The dielectrics; the dipole; polarization, a field generated by a polarized dielectric.
Charges in motion: definition of current intensity and density.
Simple electrical circuits and Ohm's laws.
Circuits with only resistors; circuits with single mesh resistors and capacitors: energy balance.
Thermal effect of the current. Bioelectric potentials.
The magnetic field: properties of the magnetic field, magnetic force and Lorentz force.
Magnetic field flux and electromagnetic induction.
Applications of the induction law (in particular transformer and alternator-electric motor). Outline of Maxwell's equations, electromagnetic waves.
Electromagnetic spectrum, its properties and classification of electromagnetic waves.
electromagnetic radiation. Interaction electromagnetic radiation and matter.
Radioactivity and hints of modern physics.
Modern physics: notes on relativity; introduction to quantum physics: black body; photon concept; photoelectric effect; Compton effect; discrete spectra and energy levels (Bohr atom)
Wave-particle dualism, De Broglie equation; probabilistic interpretation of the wave function, uncertainty principle.
Structure and properties of the atomic nucleus
Radioactivity, radioactive decay; outline of radioisotopes and medicine
X-rays: nature, generation and interaction with matter; outline of medical applications (radiology). Notes on: TAC, LASER, PET, NMR.
Readings/Bibliography
ELEMENTI DI FISICA IN MEDICINA E BIOLOGIA G. Castellani - D. RemondiniEd. Bononia University Press nuova edizione
Borsa F., Scannicchio, D., Fisica con applicazioni in biologia e in medicina, EDISES Napol
Teaching methods
Lezioni frontali (lavagna e slides) ed esercitazioni svolte in classe e fornite agli studenti per esercitarsi a casa
Assessment methods
Prove scritta finale. Il colloquio orale è anche disponibile su richiesta, ma solo dopo avere superato lo scritto (>=18)
Teaching tools
Dspense del corso e slides sul sito Virtuale.unibo.it
Office hours
See the website of Gastone Castellani
SDGs
This teaching activity contributes to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals of the UN 2030 Agenda.