31866 - Extraction of Phyto-derivatives II

Learning outcomes

At the end of the course, the students acquire the theoretical preparation for the development of strategies for extracting pure phytochemicals.The student is able to assess the quality of herbal products.

Course contents

Drying of solids and apparatus. Drying of liquids or of solutions of organic compounds in organic solvents: drying agents. Solvents. Distillation. Steam distillation. Fractional distillation at atmospheric and diminished pressure. Molecular distillation. Sublimation. Purification by crystallization of natural products with low molecular weight. Purification of common organic solvents. Silica gel column chromatography: flash chromatography. Ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE). Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE). Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). Pressurized liquid extraction (PLE, PHWE). Rapid Solid-Liquid Dynamic Extraction (RSLDE, Naviglio Estrattore). Maceration, infusion, decoction, percolation. Essential oils. Tinctures. The various types of extracts: fluid, springs, dry. Laboratory experiments:  purification of terpenes: camphor from aerial parts of Cinnamomum camphora; - extraction and purification of salicylic acid from bark of Salix alba;- extraction of chlorophyll from the leaves of Spinacea oleracea; - extraction of alkaloids from Piper nigrum (fructis); - Checking for possible adulteration in two dried herbal drugs and  in a herbal product: Calendula officinalis, Arnica montana, standard di Boiron; - extraction of ginsenosides from Panax ginseng; -  steam distillation of eugenol contained in Eugenia caryophyllata and of cinnamaldehyde in Cinnamomum zeylanicum, - extraction of anthraquinones in Rhamnus purshianae; - separation of hesperidin from orange peel with Soxhlet apparatus. - isolation of carotenoids from a tomato extract.

Readings/Bibliography

1) VOGEL. CHIMICA ORGANICA PRATICA. CASA EDITRICE AMBROSIANA, SECONDA EDIZIONE, MILANO 1988 2) R. M. ROBERTS, J.C. GILBERT, S. F. MARTIN. CHIMICA ORGANICA SPERIMENTALE. ZANICHELLI, BOLOGNA 2003 3) A.J. HANDELY. EXTRACTION METHODS IN ORGANIC ANALYSIS. SHEFFIELD ACADEMIC PRESS, CANADA 1999 4) D.L. PAVIA, G. M. LAMPMAN, G.S. KRIZ. IL LABORATORIO DI CHIMICA ORGANICA, EDIZIONI SORBONA , MILANO 1994 5) P.M. DEWICK. CHIMICA, BIOSINTESI E BIOATTIVITA' DELLE SOSTANZE NATURALI. PICCIN, PADOVA 2000 6) MARCO D'ISCHIA LA CHIMICA ORGANICA IN LABORATORIO PICCIN PADOVA 2002 LUCIDI, CD, APPUNTI DI LEZIONI, COPIE DI ARTICOLI INERENTI GLI ARGOMENTI DI LEZIONE 7) PAUL H. LIST, PETER C. SCMIDT I FARMACI DI ORIGINE VEGETALE TECNOLOGIE DI ESTRAZIONE DELLE PIANTE MEDICINALI, HOEPLI 1993 8) NATURAL PRODUCT ISOLATION: An Overview Book Series Methods in BiotechnologyISSN 1940-6061 (Print) 1940-607X (Online) Volume Volume 20 Edition Second Edition

Teaching methods

The course will be supported by laboratory exercises. The laboratory exercises will be individual and will aim to provide each student the opportunity to apply the various methods of preparing extracts of herbal drugs outlined
in theoretical form in class.

Assessment methods

The examination consists in an oral interview aimed at proving the acquisition of the information presented in the objectives of the course. The student should comment one practical laboratory experience among those specifically listed in the program, and two more general questions about related topics will follow.

Teaching tools

VIDEOPROJECTORS, PC, LABORATORY OF CHEMISTRY

Office hours

See the website of Angela Rampa