37185 - Histology and Embryology 1 (L-Z)

Learning outcomes

At the end of formative way, the student knows submicroscopic organization, and their functional aspects, of various citotypes, which constitutes human tissues. The student knows human embryology, with regulation mechanisms.

Course contents

N.B. All the material presented in the lesson will be put online on the online teachings platform (IOL). Not all the topics that are in the program will be covered in detail in class.

Cytology is considered a basic knowledge, so in the lesson will be treated only the aspects useful to a good understanding of particular tissues.From time to time, you will report what should be carefully covered in the textbook, in the event that the student does not fully know the subject. The topics of Cytology are written in italics.

Histology and Embryology are not two disciplines independent of each other, but well articulated and therefore will try to make their level of integration as clear as possible.For this reason, the topics will not be exposed with the banal time scan shown in the book index, but in a coordinated way. The topics of Embryology are underlined.

CONTENTS of integrated course of Histology and Embryology  1 and 2

Generality on the cell. Procariotes and Eukaryotes. Plasma membrane, cytosol. The shape and size of the various cytotypes. Link between morphology and function.

Brief nods of gametogenesis. Mature gametes. Fertilization. Zygote. Totipotian concept. Stem cells. Segmentation. Blastomers. Morula. Differentiation. Epigenetics.

Cytoskeleton

Junction equipment

First week of development. From morula to blastocyst

Second week. Preparation for implantation (luteum body, endometrium, menstrual cycle).Plant : affixing, adhesion, invasion, decidual reaction, immune tolerance, nesting). Sinciziotrophblast, cytotrophoblast. Epiblast, hypoblast. Formation of the amniotic cavity and calf sac. Formation of extra-embryonic mesoderma and chorial cavity.

Third week . Initial phases of gastrulation and formation of the three leaflets and their derivatives.

 

Cell in relation to the extracellular matrix. General characteristics of the extracellular matrix: structure, composition, and rework of the matrix.

General organization of different tissue : classification and general characteristics

Epithelial tissues
Embryonic development and distribution. ultrastructure and function of epithelial cells. Histological classification.
Covering and lining epithelium. Structure and function of basement membranes.
Structure and function of glands . Exocrine and endocrine secretions.
Histology and function of Exocrine Glands. Classification.REL,RER, Golgi apparatus, vesicles. Esocitosis and secretion.
Overview of Endocrine System. Regulatory mechanism of endocrine secretion. Hormones.
Connective Tissue
Embryonic development and distribution. Cells and extracellular matrix (ECM): collagen and elastic fibers, amorphous ground substance. Interstitial fluid. Classification.Lisosomes, Perossisomes.
Classification of Connective tissue proper. Mucous connective tissue. Loose connective tissue. Reticular and elastic tissues. Dense regular and irregular tissues. Adipose tissues.Mitocondria.
Overview, histological structure and classification of Cartilage. Perichondrium. Cartilage growth and repairing.
Bone and osteogenesis: overview. Trabecular and compact bone: cells and ECM. Dentin and cementum.
Blood and hematopoiesis. Structure and function of blood. Plasma and cells. histology of bone marrow and emopoietic cell differentiation.
Muscle tissue
Embryonic development. Classification and organization. Smooth muscle: ultrastructure and function. Contraction mechanism.
Skeletal Muscle : ultrastructure and organization of skeletal muscle fibers. Histology and function of Cardiac muscle.
Nervous tissue. Embryonic development, structure and function. Types of neurons. Ultrastructure of myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers. Ultrastructure of synapses. Structure and function of glia.

Morphogenesis: elementary morphogenic processes (proliferation and apoptosis, movement, polarization, asymmetric division, epithelium transition . mesenchima).Control of morphogenesis and development: mosaic and regulatory development, morphogens, induction and competence, bodily axes, extracellular signaling.

Gastrulation in detail (third week) the primitive line and Hensen knot, embryonic leaf formation, notochord and notochord process, mesoderm evolution, neural plaque, neural tube and neural crests.Events of the fourth week completion of neurulation, final destiny of the ectoderm, folding of the embryo, beginning of organogenesis. Derivatives of the three leaflets (ectoderma, mesoderma, endoderm). Nods of organogenesis.Embryonic outbuildings.

Nucleus.

Readings/Bibliography

ISTOLOGIA UMANA - Idelson Gnocchi Editore - Autori vari

ISTOLOGIA - Edizioni Piccin - Monesi, ultima edizione

Istologia atlante di G. Bani, D. Bani, T. Bani Sacchi; Idelson-Gnocchi Editore

-Atlante di Istologia di Gianpaolo Papaccio; Idelson-Gnocchi Editore

 -Atlante di Istologia e Anatomia microscopica di M.H. Ross, W. Pawlina, T. A. Barnash; Casa Editrice Ambrosiana.

Teaching methods

Frontal lessons

Assessment methods

The check consists of a preliminary proof at microscopy, for the identifications of histological tissues. If this proof is not sufficient, the examination does not progress.

The oral examination focuses on cytological, histological and embryological matter, according to the program of Istology and Embryology 1 and Histology and Embryology . The insufficence also in one of the three learning is not allowed.

In caso of negative result of the oral examination, the student may keep the result of the practice or make it again. The vote is valid until the appeals of december 2019.

The final votation, by determination of the Commission, considers the results obtained.

Teaching tools

Power point presentations and microscopic figures of histological tissues. Students, by means og a reserved list, may got on line material employed during the lessons.

Office hours

See the website of Elisabetta Caramelli