- Docente: Paolo Melchiorre
- Credits: 10
- SSD: CHIM/06
- Language: Italian
- Moduli: Paolo Melchiorre (Modulo 1) Andrea Mazzanti (Modulo 2) Michele Mancinelli (Modulo 3)
- Teaching Mode: Traditional lectures (Modulo 1) Traditional lectures (Modulo 2) Traditional lectures (Modulo 3)
- Campus: Bologna
- Corso: Second cycle degree programme (LM) in Industrial Chemistry (cod. 0884)
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from Oct 23, 2023 to Jan 17, 2024
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from Oct 16, 2023 to Dec 20, 2023
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from Dec 04, 2023 to Jan 26, 2024
Learning outcomes
The student will learn how to devise a retrosynthetic approach to the sysnthesis, use transformations of functional groups, catalytic coupling reactions for the formation of both new C-C or Carbon-heteroatom bonds and how to tackle the challenge of the preparation of enantiomerically pure compounds. He/she will also know non- conventional methodologies for the synthesis of organic compounds such as the use of microwaves; of flow-reactors and of solid-supported synthetic methodologies. He/she will learn the modes to catalyze organic reactions like organo-catalysis, metallo-catalysis, mixed-catalysis, enzymatic catalysis and phase-transfer catalysis. He/she will also learn how to develop multi-step synthetic sequences of industrially relevant organic molecules, also enantiomerically pure and how to purify organic molecules with the more recent and advanced separation techniques.
Course contents
Background knowledge: the background knowledge in organic chemistry expected from a student entering this course is that of a student who has completed an Eurobachelor(R) certified degree in Chemistry and visible here
- Backgrounds on stereochemistry, reaction mechanisms and catalysis
- Stereochemistry background
- Equilibria and rates of organic reactions
- Experimental techniques for determining the mechanism of a reaction
- Acid/base catalysis of organic reactions
- Stereoselective synthesis
- Energy considerations in reactions generating stereoisomers
- Resolution of racemates
- The «chiral pool»
- Asymmetric synthesis
- Transition metal mediated organic reactions
- Elementary steps of organometallic reactions
- The Heck reaction
- Cross-coupling reactions of organometallics: the Stille, Suzuki, Kumada, Negishi and Sonogashira reactions
- Allylic electrophiles are activated by palladium(0)
- Palladium catalysed amination of aromatic rings
- Activation of alkenes by palladium(II)
- Alkene metathesis
- Pericyclic Reactions and Rearrangements
- Photochemical and thermal [2 + 2] cycloadditions
- 1,3-Dipolar cycloadditions
- Sigmatropic rearrangements
- Payne, Meerwein and pinacolic rearrangements
- Migration to heteroatoms: Baeyer-Villiger and di Beckmann rearrangements
- Photoredox Catalysis
- Origin and development of the field
- Photoredox catalysis and organocatalysis
- The field of metal-photoredox catalysis
LABORATORY
The course will focus on the application of the principal techniques used for the structural identification and analysis of organic molecules The course will apply basic knowledge on spectroscopic methods such as Nuclear Magnetic resonance and Mass Spectroscopy to the solution of the structures of organic molecules.. The main part of the course will be carried out with exercitations on experimental data, and by exercitations on the spectrometers.
- NMR Spectroscopy
- Nuclear spin and resonance
- NMR spectrometers and FT technique.
- Spin relaxation theory
- Acquisition parameters, spectral width and RF pulses
- 1H spectra: chemical shift, coupling constants and integration
- 13C spectra and DEPT techniques for the signal assignment
- NOE spectra
- 2D-NMR: COSY,HSQC and HMBC
- exercises
- Mass Spectroscopy
- Ionization techniques: electron impact, electron spray, MALDI
- Ion analyzers: magnetic secton, quadrupole ionic trap, TOF and FT-ICR
- Fragmentation mechanism
- Fragmentation analysis for the structural assignment of simple molecules
- Practical exercises on experimental mass spectra
- Analysis of optically active compounds
- Enantioselective HPLC
- Diastereomeric and enantiomeric purity by NMR spectroscpy.
- Laboratory activities
- Two multi-step syntheses related to the theoretical contents will be carried out by the students in the teaching laboratory. The products obtained will be analyzed by spectroscopic and cinematographic methods.
Readings/Bibliography
Lectures' handouts in English available via web at Virtuale
Clayden, Greeves, Warren & Wothers "Organic Chemistry - 2nd Ed." - OUP 2012
Laboratory
- D.H. Williams, I. Fleming; 'Spectroscopic Methods in Organic Chemistry' 5° ed. Inglese; McGraw-Hill Book Company. ISBN 0-07-709147-7
- R.M. Silverstein, F.X. Webster, D.J. Kiemle, 'Spectrometric identification of Organic Compounds', 7° ed,; Wiley International Edition. ISBN 0-471-42913-9
Teaching methods
PowerPoint presentations - Group exercises through the pedagogical platform "Virtuale"
As concerns the teaching methods, all students must attend Modules 1 and 2 online, while Module 3 on health and safety is to be attended in class. Information about Module 3 attendance schedule is available on the website of your degree programme
Assessment methods
The assessment is conducted through three tests
- a practical test based on the lab experiences
- a written test on the lab part
- a written test on the institutional part
The practical test allows to obtain a score between 0 and 3, and consists of: i) the identification of the structure of an unknown molecule synthesized in the laboratory on the basis of NMR and mass spectroscopic data, to be made during laboratory experiments (from 0 to 1 point); ii) reports on experiments performed in the laboratory, whose evaluation will determine the understanding of conducted experiments, the ability to interpret, elaborate and report the data collected during the experiments (0 to 2 points).
Lab attendance is compulsory.
The written test on the lab part will be held during exam sessions and it consists of an exercise in structural assignment with a score between 0 and 8 points. The time available for the test is 90 minutes. The exercise of structural assignment involves the use of experimental data of NMR / mass spectroscopy data for the determination of the structure of an unknown organic compound.
The written test on the institutional part will be held during exam sessions. It assigns a score between 0 and 20 points. This test aims to assess the level of learning of the concepts given in class and the student's ability to apply them to the understanding and resolution of real problems taken from the scientific literature. The allotted time for the test is 90 minutes.
The final grade is obtained by summing up the scores obtained in the practice test rating (0-3 points), in the final written lab test exam (0-8 points) and in the final written test of the institutional part (0-20 points).
This sum of the scores is converted into the final grade according to the following steps:
- If the sum of the scores is higher than 30 points, a grade of 30 cum laude is awarded.
- If the sum of the scores is lower than or equal to 30 points, a preliminary rounding to the nearest integer is performed. (Excel function ROUND(score,0)). The result of this rounding represents the final grade of the course
Scores obtained in the final written tests have a 12-month validity. After that, written tests must be retaken.
Teaching tools
PDF presentations available via web, through the pedagogical platform Virtuale - the University delivery system of teaching materials
On-line exercises
On-line self-assessment test
LABORATORY
The teacher will use Powerpoint Presentations (available to the students at the beginning of the lessons) for the theoretic part, and printed spectra for the exercses. The course will proceed with theoretical concepts, followed by examples and exercise
Office hours
See the website of Paolo Melchiorre
See the website of Andrea Mazzanti
See the website of Michele Mancinelli