95766 - TOPOGRAFIA E RILIEVO P

Learning outcomes

Knowledge of the theoretical and applied elements for design and perform a topographical survey for mapping and update cartography or functional both for cadastre applications and monitoring.

Course contents

GEODESY
Shape of the Earth - Notes about the composition and motion of the earth - the geocentric coordinate system . Gravitational Field - Geoid - Heigths Definition - Coordinate System - Contourn Lines. The Reference Ellipsoid as reference surface - ellipsoidal coordinates (geographic coordinates) - Geoid Undulation- Geodetic Reference Systems (Geodetic Datum ) - Elementary Elements considered for a topographic survey: angles, distances, differences in height.
Geometry of the ellipsoid. Sections of the ellipsoid : normal , main - bending radii - Transformation between geographic and geocentric coordinates - local geodetic system .
Positioning of points. Geodetic lines - Difference considering Geodetic lines or Normal sections - Puiseux-Weingarten Series - Approximate reference surfaces: plane approx and spherical approx. The Italian geodetic network .

Introduction to experimental errors and their propagation.

Probability ( Bullets ) : definitions, simple and compound events .
Random Variables . (Recall ) continuous and discrete variables - Function and cumulative probability density function - Probability associated with a range of values : confidence interval - Parameters of a distribution ( centrality and dispersion ) - Variable standardized - Covariance and correlation coefficient. Sample (Recall ) . Estimation of the mean and sample variance - estimation Features - Criterion to reject data. Propagation of the mean and variance. Cases linear and non-linear , single and multi-dimensional . Compensation of the observations. Types of Errors - Constraints between observations - Redundancy - Criterion of Least Squares . Method of indirect observations . Functional model and statistical - Observed with linear constraints - Solution and calculation of the estimate of the unknowns - Non-linear models and iterations - Statistical properties of estimates - linearization of the equations azimuthal angle , direction and distance - the difference in height equations and some basic about GPS . Calculation of a network. Intrinsic Compensation - Analysis of residuals - Accuracy of a network. Inserting into an existing network : compensation bound and conformal transformation .

SURVEY Trigonometric networks . National networks elevations - planimetric - GPS . Procedure to perform correct practical Survey: from general to particular - Geodetic Networks grades-
Planimetric survey . Reduction measures to the reference surface - elementary diagrams of measurements: intersections (forward , side, back ), polar, branches of polygonal - Polygonal bound and closed - Survey of detail.
Heights differences surevey techniques. Types of heights and reference surfaces - trigonometric leveling chart and the necessary instrumentation , mutual , from one extreme - Refraction - accuracies achievable - Geometric Leveling, - Line of leveling : preparation, execution and control - accuracies achievable in geometric leveling precision .
Measure altitude using GPS ellipsoidal and ripple .
GPS survey . Preparation and planning - Sessions and independent bases - Compensation bases - Transformation in the national system

OPERATING INSTRUMENTS AND METHODS OF USE Measuring angles . Theodolites . Constituent parts : axes , collimator telescope , circles , reading devices , levels, commuters systems - Setting up - A method of reading azimuthal angles : rule of Bessel, layers - Reading zenith angles - Zenit instrumental .
Electronic theodolites . Automatic measurement and data storage
Measuring distances . Geodimetri . Operating principle - Fundamental equation - Accuracy instrumental , ambient effect .
Total stations . Flow measurements - calculations.
Measurement of height differences . Levels . Constituent parts - Precision level - Staffs invar - Leveling the middle - Accuracy of a joke and a line.
G.P.S. Principle of operation of the system - Segments space of contol , user - The GPS signal - Systematic errors - Observed pseudo- range and phase - Processing of the bases : phase differences , interruptions, ambiguity.

Readings/Bibliography

Reference documents concening the topics of the course are available on the web site virtuale.unibo.it.

Teaching methods

The course is organized with lessons in the classrooms and some practice for the knowledge of the classical topographical instrumentation considering also classical case studiee

Assessment methods

The final exam is unique and verifies the acquisition of the expected knowledge and skills by carrying out a written and a short oral test, without the help of notes or books.

At the time of the test, students must have an identification document (Identity Card or Driving License or Passport) and a badge and show it to the examiners.

The written test consists of a number of multiple-choice questions, open question and basic exercices about the topics of the course. The test must be performed within the indicated time range. The test must be carried out within the indicated time range. The oral discussion generally takes place immediately after the written test and aims at evaluating the critical and methodological skills acquired by the student during the entire course and impact on the final grade not more then +/-3 points

Is possible to attend the exam only in presence but if pandemic condition increase and the universty define new rules will possible to switch in other on-line modalities. 

In the case of exam in online mode, it is necessary to have all the tools listed below:

• a stable internet network
• a desktop or notebook (hereafter PC) connected to the electricity network and to Internet
• a mobile device (smartphone or tablet) connected to the electricity network and to Internet, equipped with a video camera, which will be used as means of supervision by the examiners inside the Virtual Classroom
• the ZOOM app that allows video meeting and access to the virtual classroom must be installed on the mobile device
• the possibility of using a quiet environment in one's own home, free from other people and correctly lit, in which to set up a space with the elements listed above.

Teaching tools

In order to better explain and understand some parts of the course, practical laboratory exercises will be planned and will be centered on the principle of classical topographic instruments and their application

Office hours

See the website of Stefano Gandolfi

See the website of Luca Vittuari