32303 - CONFLICT, VIOLENCE AND RECONCILIATION IN SEE

Contenuti

11. Introduction to Module II: Anthropology of Conflict, Violence and Reconciliation in SEE

 

Lecture/selected film footage

·        What is the Anthropology of Violence and how does it relate to the Anthropology of Eastern Europe

·        How can we look at violence anywhere without it being voyeuristic and stereotyping?

·       

The course Anthropology of Eastern Europe introduces both the East and West disciplinary trajectories of ethnology, ethnography and social/cultural anthropology in Eastern Europe with a particular emphasis on contemporary ethnographies of the region. It is divided into two modules, firstly, the Anthropology of Postsocialism, which offers case studies from the wider post-Soviet spaces; and, secondly, the Anthropology of Conflict, Violence and Reconciliation, which is based on the more narrow, post-Yugoslav context.

 

The course aims to introduce students to, and familiarise them with, the ethnographic, bottom-up and micro-perspectives of social/cultural anthropology as well as the discipline's critique on standard assumptions of international policy regarding development, transition and conflict management as these have been applied during the periods of post-socialist transition in Eastern Europe, in general, and of post-war interventions in post-socialist Southeastern Europe, in particular.

 

 

Module II: The Anthropology of Conflict, Violence and Reconciliation in SEE

 

Conflict and violence have been key issues in post-socialist Southeastern-Europe. In fact, violence has become a defining stereotype for the region. This module aims to look critically at the concept and reality of ‘Balkan violence' as a specific outcome of the collapse of the previous socialist regime. Firstly, it seeks to put violence in a comparative, historical and theoretical perspective in order to de-construct and contextualize the notion of Balkan specificity. For this purpose, an interdisciplinary approach will be vital in order to study processes of violence, conflict and its resolution in various contexts; yet course participants will also be introduced specifically to current anthropological debates in the study of conflict and violence that have emerged from studying recent SEE war and conflict from a bottom-up perspective. This module thereby responds to new orientations in policy studies (such as the Human Security debate), which have emerged from the post-Cold War and recent Balkan Wars contexts of military peace-building, and which have recognised that sustainable appeasement cannot happen without a culturally-sensitive understanding of, and an engagement with, local concerns. Consequently, there will be a grass-roots emphasis on both the victims' and perpetrators' grievances; on the repercussions of specifically targeted war techniques such as strategic ‘sociocide'; on the role of both private and collective memory as well as the ‘politics of memory' regarding violence and peace-making. Furthermore, in order to foster a practical understanding of reconciliation theory there will be a ‘fish-bowl' reconciliation simulation exercise.

 

The course will conclude with exploring whether and how an applied bottom-up perspective and cultural sensitivity can, or could have, enhanced better outcomes of the international efforts regarding both post-socialist reconstruction and post-war peace-building in Eastern Europe.

 

1. Introduction to Module II: Anthropology of Conflict, Violence and Reconciliation in SEE

Tue, 2 March

 

Lecture/selected film footage

·         What is the Anthropology of Violence and how does it relate to the Anthropology of Eastern Europe

·         How can we look at violence anywhere without it being voyeuristic and stereotyping?

·         What is the difference between conflict, violence and aggression?

·         What is ‘ethnic violence'?

·         How do anthropology, psychology, sociology, history, political sciences etc. explain the root causes of violence in different ways?

·         In what academic disciplines has ethnic violence become associated with the Balkans, and when and why?

·         Can universal causes of violence be identified?

·         What is the ‘violence continuum'; the ‘triangle of violence'; the ‘banality of evil'?

·         Is inter-ethnic violence part of a ‘violence continuum'? Does violence perpetuate itself (‘cycles of violence')?

·         What are the ‘monopoly of force', and can ‘weak state theories' explain violence?

·         What is the difference between culturalist and other methodologies of explaining ethnic violence?

·         Can anyone of us be violent? Under what circumstances and in what context, if so?

·         What do the ‘Stanford experiment' and the Milgram experiment tell us about universal causes of violence?

·         Is violence always destructive or senseless, or in what way (or for whom) can it be constructive, or make sense?

 

Richard, Paul 2005, ‘New War: An Ethnographic Approach', in: P. Richard (ed.), No Peace No War: An Anthropology of Contemporary Armed Conflict. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, pp. 1 – 21.

 

Ahrend, Hannah 1969, ‘On violence' (ch. 1: 35-56; reprinted in anthology of Scheper-Hughes and Bourgois 2004: 236 - 243).

 

Blok, Anton 2000. ‘The enigma of senseless violence' (Aijmer and Abbink 2000: 23 - 38).

 

Bowman, Glenn 2001, ‘The violence in identity', ( Schröder and Schmidt 2001: 25 – 46).

 

Brubaker, Rogers and David D. Laitin 1998, ‘Ethnic and Nationalist Violence' Annual Reviews Sociology 24: 423 – 452.

 

*Gillespie, Alex 2007, ‘The Intersubjective Dynamics of Trust, Distrust, and Manipulation', in: Ivana Markova and A. Gillespie (eds), Trust and Distrust: Sociocultural Perspectives, Greenwich, CT: Information Age Publishing, available <http://www.psychology.stir.ac.uk/staff/agillespie/documents/

Gillespietheintersubjectivedynamicsoftrustdistrustandmanipulation_000.pdf> (accessed Jan 2010).

 

Riches, David 1986, ‘The Phenomenon of Violence' (D. Riches 1986: 1 - 27).

 

Scheper-Hughes, Nancy and Philippe Bourgois 2004, ‘Introduction: Making Sense of Violence' (Scheper-Huges and Bourgois 2004: 1 – 31).

 

Schröder, Ingo W. and Bettina E. Schmidt 2001, ‘Introduction: Violent imaginaries and violent practices' (Schröder and Schmidt 2001: 1 – 24)

 

Stewart, Pamela J. and Andrew Strathern, ‘Violence as a Construct', (Stewart and Strathern 2002, ch. 1: 1 – 14.)

 

Zimbardo, Philip G. 1971, The Stanford Experience. Documentary film. http://www.prisonexp.org/

 

Zizek, Slavoj, 2009, Violence, London: Profile Books.

 

 

 

 

2. Balkanism

Wed, 03 March

 

Presentations (choice), MGD

·         Are the Balkans particularly prone to violence or is this a stereotype?

·         Can we look at conflict and violence in the Balkans without reproducing stereotypes, and if so, how?

·         What effects may stereotyping discourses have on structures, practices and actions?

·         Can violence become a ‘self-fulfilling prophecy'?

·         What is ‘Balkanism'? What is ‘essentialism'? How can an imagery have an effect on policy?

·         How does Balkanism organise views on responsibility for violence?

·         How have Western stereotypes been reflected in the region?

·         Where is Balkanism located? Is it exclusive to the West?

·         What outside factors and causes of violence does Balkanism possibly conceal?

·         What is the history of the identification of the Balkans in terms of violence, and has the debate shifted?

 

Todorova, Maria 1994: “The Balkans: from discovery to invention”, in: Slavic Review, 53 (2): 453 – 482 [with excerpts from Robert Kaplan's 1993 Balkan Ghosts].

 

Bakic-Hayden, Milica 1995: “Nesting Orientalism: The case of Former Yugoslavia”, in: Slavic Review 54 (4), 917 - 931.

 

Brown, Keith & Dimitiros Theodossopoulos 2004, ‘Other's Others: Talking about stereotypes and constructions of otherness in Southeast Europe', History and Anthropology 15/1: 3 – 14.

 

Kuusisto, Riikka 2004, ‘Savage Tribes and Mystic Feuds: Western Foreign Policy Statement on Bosnia in the Early 1990s' (Hammond: 169 - 183).

 

Neofotistos, Vasiliki P. 2004, ‘Beyond Stereotypes: Violence and the Porousness of Ethnic Boundaries in the Republic of Macedonia', History and Anthropology 15/1: 47 – 67.

 

Schwandner-Sievers, Stephanie 2004, ‘Albanians, Albanianism and the Strategic Subversion of Stereotypes', (Hammond: 110 - 126).

 

Theodossopoulos, Dimitrios 2003, ‘Degrading Others and honouring ourselves: Ethnic stereotypes as categories and as explanation, Journal of Mediterranean Studies 13/2: 177 – 188.

 

Woodward, L. Susan, ‘Violence-Prone Area or International Transition?: Adding the Role of Outsiders in Balkan Violence.' (Das et al. 2000: 19 – 45).

 

 

 

 

 

3. Sociocide

Thu, 04 March

 

Presentations (choice), film

·         What is ‘sociocide' in contrast to ‘genocide'?

·         How was enmity being engineered, social fission provoked?

·         How modern was violence during the recent Balkan wars?

·         How was violence organised as a ‘franchise'?

·         What are disambiguation processes?

·         How ‘messy' and ‘ambivalent' is war when comparing militant practice and ideology?

·         How does the experience of war and violence affect the permeability of ethnic boundaries?

·         How can former friends and neighbours become enemies?

·         How can the destructions of monuments or the violation of material heritage contribute to disambiguation?

·         How fixed or fluid are ethnic boundaries in SEE, historically?

·         How is growing social insecurity experienced, and what effects does it have?

·         In the Bosnian case, what role did the particular techniques of war and the ‘culture of fear' in everyday-life play in producing disambiguation?

 

 

Sorabji, Cornelia - 1995: “A Very Modern War: Terror and Territory in Bosnia-Herzegovina”, in: Robert A. Hinde & Helen E. Watson (eds), War, a Cruel Necessity? The Bases of Institutionalized Violence. London: Tauris, pp. 80 - 95.

 

Bringa, Tone 1993, We are all Neighbors. (Granada Television: War Trilogy, Bosnia/ series: Disappearing Worlds).

 

Jansen, Stef 2003, ‘”Why do they hate us?” Everyday Serbian nationalist knowledge of Muslim Hatred', Journal of Mediterranean Studies 13/2: 215 – 237.

 

Maček, Ivana 2007, ‘”Imitation of Life”: Negotiating Normality in Sarajevo under Siege', (Bougarel, Helms, Duijzings, chapter 1).

 

Maček, Ivana 2005, ‘Sarajevan Soldier Story: Perceptions of War and Morality in Bosnia', (Richards 2005: 57 – 76).

 

Povrzanovic, Maja 1993, ‘Culture and Fear: Everydaylife in wartime' (Feldman et al. 1993: 119 – 150).

 

 

 

4. Gendered warfare

Fri, 05 March

 

Presentations (choice), MGD

·         In what ways has ethnic differences been constructed in terms of gender?

·         What symbolic messages are conveyed by stories of masculinity and effeminisation (for example, through rape of either gender)?

·         Can we make an equation between masculinity and violence? Are men always perpetrators and women always victims?

·         Do men and women face different risks in war?

·         What role have women played in war?

·         Was victimisation gendered?

·         How has rape functioned as an ‘effective technique of war'?

·         What are the social and cultural effects of war rape?

·         Does talking about rape amount to the re-victimisation of the survivors?

·         What are the societal long-term effects of war rape?

·         Are war rape and post-war problems such as human trafficking and domestic violence related? If so, in what ways?

 

Jones, Adam 1994: ‘Gender and ethnic conflict in ex-Yugoslavia', in: Ethnic and Racial Studies 17/1, 115 – 134.

 

Bracewell, Wendy 2000: “Rape in Kosovo: masculinity and Serbian nationalism”, Nations and Nationalism 6/4: 563 - 590.

 

Jambresic-Kirin, Renata 2002: ‘Women Partisans as Willing Executioners in Croatian Popular Memory of the 1990s', (in Resic/Toernquist-Plewa 2002: 83 - 112).

 

Oosterveld, Valerie 2005: ‘Prosecution of Gender-Based Crimes in International Law'. (Gender, Conflict, and Peacekeeping 2005: 67 - 82)

 

Seifert, Ruth 1994, ‘War and Rape: A Preliminary Analysis', in: Alexandra Stiglmayer (ed.), The War against Women in Bosnia-Herzegovina, Lincoln – London: University of Nebraska/bison books: 54 – 72.

 

Sofos, Spyros A. 1996: ‘Interethnic violence and gendered construction of ethnicity in former Yugoslavia', Social Identities 2/1: 73 – 92.

 

Vandenberg, Martina 2005: ‘Peacekeeping, Alphabet Soup, and violence against Women in the Balkans'.  (Gender, Conflict, and Peacekeeping 2005: 150 - 167)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

5. Perpetrators and Traditionalism

Mo, 08 March

 

Presentations (choice), MGD, film

·         In what ways has self-essentialisation contributed to the justification of violence?

·         What are honour culture, revenge, feuding, banditry, tribalism, gun culture -- Balkan tradition? Stereotypical tropes? Rhetorical means to justify violence? Means or ends to violence? Human universals? Cultural resources of informal social organisation? Tropes of self-essentialisation? Instruments of resistance to weak, or strong and alien, states? Symptoms of urban-rural gaps in culture? 

·         What political purposes can ‘tradition' serve? How can traditionalism become part of nationalist identity politics?

·         What new roles have local traditions acquired with globalisation processes?

·         With recent war, have local traditions been modernised, brutalised, become terrorism, new nationalism, war-lordism, criminalised?

·         How can local tradition challenge democratic notions of justice, law, legality, legitimacy and morality?

·         Have football rituals helped channel and contain, or foster, violence? Have the Yugoslav wars started in football stadions? How have football holigans instrumentalised tradition?

·         Should and can tradition or culture be taken into account in outside intervention? Can it be ignored? In explaining violence? As a source for reconciliation? If so, how?

 

 

Bougarel, Xavier 1999, ‘Yugoslav Wars: The “Revenge of the Countryside”: Between Sociological Reality and Nationalist Myth', East European Quarterly, xxxiii/2: 157 – 175.

 

Bax, Mart 2000, ‘Barbarization in a Bosnian Pilgrimage Center', (Halpern and David. A Kideckel 2000: 187 – 202).

 

Colovic, Ivan 2002, ‘Who Owns the Gusle? : a contribution to Research on the Political History of a Balkan Musical Instrument' (in Resic/Toernquist-Plewa 2002: 59 – 81.)

 

Colovic, Ivan 2002, ‘Football, Hooligans and War' (Colovic 2002: chapter IV: 259 – 286).

 

Naumovic, Slobodan 1999, ‘Instrumentalised Tradition: traditionalist rhetoric, nationalism and political transition in Serbia, 1987 – 1990', in: Miroslav Jovanovic, Karl Kaser, Slobodan Naumovic (eds), Between the archives and the field: a dialogue on historical anthropology of the Balkans, Belgrade – Graz: Institut für Geschichte der Universität Graz: 179 – 218.

 

Schwandner-Sievers, Stephanie 1999: ‘Humiliation and Reconciliation in Northern Albania: The Logics of Feuding in Symbolic and Diachronic Perspectives,' in: Elwert, Georg et. al: Dynamics of Violence. Processes of Escalation and De-escalation of Violent Group Conflicts (= Sociologus supplement 1), Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 133 - 152.

 

Pawlikowski, Paul (producer) 1993, Serbian Epics, documentary film (BBC bookmark production).

 

Zanic, Ivo 2002, ‘South Slav Traditional Culture as a Means to Political Legitimization' (in Resic/Toernquist-Plewa 2002: 45 - 58)

 

 

 

 

6 & 7 Reconciliation in Theory and Practice

Tue 9 March, 2010

 

Fishbowl simulation exercise, MGD

·         How does reconciliation theory translate into practice? How realistic or idealistic is it?

·         What models of reconciliation are known in Peace Studies' theories?

·         What different ambitions are inherent in the concepts of ‘reconciliation' and ‘conflict transformation'?

·         What are the pre-conditions for conflict transformations; and what are its core elements?

·         How important is perceived justice as a pre-condition for reconciliation?

·         What is the difference between retributive and restorative justice?

·         What is ‘Transitional Justice'?

·         Can there be interethnic healing (or reconciliation) through internationally administered justice, the ICTY, truth commissions etc.? Would truth and reconciliation commissions have been the right option for the SEE cases? What initiatives exist?

·         What is the role of the local civil society sector in reconciliation?

·         Can we speak of a ‘reconciliation industry'? Is reconciliation in practice donor-dependant?

·         Are there more than two adversary sides to any conflict? How can we ‘de-collectivise' adversary group identities?

·         Does reconciliation in practice deal differently with perpetrators and victims, respectively?

 

Lederach, John Paul 2005, ‘Civil Society and Reconciliation' (Turbulent Peace 2005, chapter 49)

 

Montville, Joseph 1993: ‘The Healing Function in Political Conflict Resolution', in: Conflict Resolution Theory and Practice: Integration and Application, ed. by Dennis Sandole and Hugo van der Merwe, Manchester: Manchester UP.

 

Fish-bowl simulation exercise: materials

 

Hauss, Charles 2003, Reconciliation, http://www.beyondintractability.org/m/reconciliation.jsp.

 

Galtung, Johan [no date], After Violence: 3R: Reconstruction, Reconciliation, Resolution, http://www.transcend.org/TRRECBAS.HTM.

 

*Loza, Tihomir 2009, ‘Acts of War: Judge Not…', Transitions Online, 2 December, available <http://www.tol.org/client/article/21072-acts-of-war-judge-not-.html

 

Humphrey, Michael 2000, ‘From Terror to Trauma: Commissioning Truth for National Reconciliation', Social Identities 6/1: 7 – 27.

 

Popovski, Vesselin 2000: ‘The international criminal courts: a synthesis of retributive and restorative justice', International Relations 15/3: 1 – 15.

 

 

*Kostovicova, Denisa (ed.) 2009, The European Union and Transitional Justice: From Retributive to Restorative Justice in the Western Balkans, Belgrade: Humanitarian Law Centre. [several contributions of further interest].

 

 

 

8. ‘Violated memories' and options for reconciliation

Wed, 10 March

 

Presentations (choice), MGD

 

·         How does memory and commemoration of war and genocide affect the options for reconciliation?

·         Is war-memory socio-psychologically conditioned?

·         Do unsolved grievances on the ground affect politics?

·         Can collective memory be engineered from above? How has this be done, if so?

·         Has silencing or suppression of war memories helped avoid, or promoted, the outbreaks of violence in former Yugoslavia?

·         How has history been constructed after war and genocide? Can conflict history be politically manipulated, and how has this be done, if so?

·         What is a ‘Manichean' world view? Does trauma promote such world view?

·         Can there be history without martyrs and myth?

·         How can history and debate become opened-up beyond one monolithic narrative?

 

 

Denich, Bette 1994, ‘Dismembering Yugoslavia: Nationalist Ideologies and the Symbolic Revival of Genocide', American Ethnologist 21: 367 – 90.

 

Bax, Mart 1997, ‘Mass Graves, Stagnating Identification, and Violence: A Case Study in the Local Sources of “The War” in Bosnia Herzegovina', in: Anthropological Quarterly, 70/1: 11-19.

 

Bougarel, Xavier 2007, ‘Death and the Nationalist: Martyrdom, War Memory and Veteran Identity among Bosnian Muslims', (Bougarel, Helms, Duijzings, chapter 7).

 

Duijzings, Ger 2007, ‘Commemorating Srebrenica: Histories of Violence and the Politics of Memory in Eastern Bosnia' (Bougarel, Helms, Duijzings, chapter 6).

 

Di Lellio, Anna and Schwandner-Sievers, Stephanie 2006, ‘‘The Legendary Commander: The construction of an Albanian  master-narrative in post-war Kosovo' in: Nations and Nationalism vol. 12, no. 3 (July), pp. 513 – 529.

 

Hayden, Robert M. 1994. "Recounting the Dead. The Rediscovery and Redefinition of Wartime Massacres in Late- and Post-Communist Yugoslavia", in: Rubie S. Watson (ed), Memory, History, and Opposition under State Socialism. Santa Fe: School of American Research Press, pp. 167-201.

 

Jansen, Stef 2007, ‘Remembering with a Difference: Clashing Memories of Bosnian Conflict in Everyday Life' (Bougarel, Helms, Duijzings, chapter 8).

 

Van de Port, Mattijs 1999, ‘”It Takes a Serb to Know a Serb': Uncovering the roots of obstinate otherness in Serbia', Critique of Anthropology 19/1: 7 – 30.

 

2008, Bad Memories: Sites, symbols and narrations of the wars in the Balkans, Rovereto: Osservatorio balcani. [several short contributions]

 

 

 

 

9. Trauma and socio-psychological intervention

Thu, 11 March

 

Presentations (choice), MGD

 

·         What is ‘trauma'?

·         Is suffering psychological conditioned, or culturally, or socially, constructed?

·         What are the international paradigms of trauma intervention?

·         Can individual counselling help where there is a social demand for silence?

·         How does traumatic experience lock into memory when it is not spoken about?

·         Can, or should, victims and perpetrators be differentiated in addressing trauma?

·         Are international interventions sensitive to local experience of sociocide?

·         What is ‘social healing'?

·         Should psycho-social intervention take ‘culture' into account? How is this done?

·         What are the possible social and cultural consequences of psycho-social intervention?

·         Are there indigenous forms of healing that are not based on individualist paradigms and therapeutic counselling?

·         Can the focus on state and power of the economic, historical and political approaches be reconciled with anthropologist or social psychologist approaches to identity, violence and conflict in SEE?

 

Pupavac, Vanessa 2003, ‘Securing the community? An examination of international psychosocial intervention', (Siani-Davies 2003: 158 – 171).

 

Derek Summerfield 1996: “Assisting survivors of war and atrocity: notes of ‘psycho-social' issues for NGO workers”, Development in States of War (= Development in Practice 5/4), London: Oxfam: 85 – 89.

 

Delpla, Isabelle, 2007, ‘In the Midst of Injustice: The ICTY from the Perspective of some Victims Associations', in: (Bougarel, Helms, Duijzings, chapter 9).

 

Keen, David 2008, ‘Combatants and Their Grievances' (chapter 3 in Keen, Complex Emergencies, pp. 50 - 70 ).

 

Littlewood, Robert 2002, Trauma and the Kanun: Two Responses to Loss in Albania and Kosova, Journal of Social Psychiatry, vol. 48 (2): 86 – 96.

 

Weine, Stevan M. 2000, ‘Redefining Merhamet after a historical nightmare,' (Halpern and Kideckel 2002: 401 – 412).

 

 

 

 

10. Intercultural communication in peace-building operations 

Fri, 12 March

 

MGD

·         Are there any indigenous local, or national, forms of reconciliation and healing in SEE that would be more appropriate than outside intervention?

·         What are the paradigms of reconciliation as induced from the outside and what are the risks involved when applying reconciliation models from the outside?

·         Is it necessary and useful for international diplomacy to take local specificity or culture into account? Are there risks in that?

·         In what ways should cultural sensitivity be applied in the post-socialist and/or the post-war context in international intervention practices?

·         Does, and should, culture matter in peace-building operations? What is the anthropologist's role in that?

 

 

Cohen, Raymond 2005, ‘Negotiating across Cultures' (Turbulent Peace 2005, chapter 28)

 

Bose, Pradip Kumar 2005: ‘Anthropology of Reconciliation: A Case for Legal Pluralism', in: Samir Kumar Das (ed.) Peace Processes and Peace Accords. Sage: London – New Delhi: 98 – 112. [303. 690954 PEAP]

 

 

 

 

Conclusion & evaluation

 

Testi/Bibliografia

Bibliography

 

Module 2: Anthropology of Conflict, Violence and Reconciliation

 

Aijmer, Göran and Jon Abbink 2000. Meanings of Violence: A Cross Cultural Perspective. Oxford – New York: Berg.  [IECOB 303.6 MEAO]

 

Allen, Tim et al. 1996: War, Ethnicity, and the Media. London: South Bank University.

 

Allcock, John B. 2000: Explaining Yugoslavia, London: Hurst.

 

Arendt, Hannah 1970: On Violence. New York: Harcourt Brace International.

 

Ashplant, T.G.; Graham Dawson and Michael Roper, (eds) 2004: Commemorating War: The Politics of Memory, New Brunswick – London: Transaction Publishers.

 

*2008, Bad Memories:Sites, symbols and narrations of the wars in the Balkans, Rovereto: Osservatorio balcani.

 

Bass, Gary J. 2001: Stay the Hand of Vengeance: The Politics of War Crime Tribunals, Princeton and Oxford UP.

 

Bjelic, Dusan I. and Obrad Savic 2002: Balkan as Metaphor: Between Globalization and Fragmentation. Cambridge, MA  - London: MIT.

 

Black-Michaud, Jacob 1975: Feuding Societies, Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

 

Bennett, Christopher 1995: Yugoslavia's Bloody Collapse: Causes, Curse and Consequences, London: Hurst.

 

Bieber, Florian ans Zidas Daskalovski 2003. Understanding the War in Kosovo. London – Portland (OR): Frank Cass. [949.7103 UNDT]

 

*Bourdieu, Pierre 1992, Language & Symbolic Power, London: Polity.

 

Bowman, Glenn 1994: ‘Xenophobia, fantasy and the nation: the logic of ethnic violence in Former Yugoslavia', in: V. Goddard, L. Josep and C. Shore (eds.), Anthropology of Europe: Identity and Boundaries in Conflict, Oxford: Berg.

 

Bringa, Tone 1995.  Being Muslim the Bosnian Way. Identity and Community in a Central Bosnian Village.  Princeton, Princeton University Press.

 

Brubaker, Rogers 1996. Nationalism Reframed: Nationhood and the National Question in the New Europe. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press.

 

Bougarel, Xavier, Elissa Helms and Ger Duijzings 2007. The New Bosnian Mosaic: Identities, Memories and Moral Claims in a Post-War Society. Aldershot: Ashgate.

 

Burge, Steven L. and Paul S. Shoup 1999: The War in Bosnia-Herzegovina: Ethnic conflict and international intervention, New York: M. E. Sharpe

 

Caiazza, Amy 2002. Mothers & Soldiers Gender, Citizenship, and Civil Society in Contemporary Russia. New York – London: Routledge. [IECOB 301. 047 CAIA]

 

Carmichael, Cathy 2002. Ethnic Cleansing in the Balkans: Nationalism and the destruction of tradition. London: Routledge.

 

Chomsky, Noam 1999: The New Military Humanism. Lessons from Kosovo, Vancouver: New Star Books.

 

Clark, Howard 2000. Civil Resistance in Kosovo. London: Pluto Press.

 

Çolovic, Ivan 2002: The Politics of Symbol in Serbia, London: Hurst.

 

*Collins, Randall 2008: Violence: A Micro-Sociological Theory, Princeton – Oxford: Princeton University Press.

 

Cottam, Kazimiera J. 1998. Women in War and Resistance: Selected Biographies of Soviet Women Soldiers. Nepean (Canada): New Military Publishing. [940.540947 COTK]

 

Daniel, E. Valentine 1996: Charred Lullabies: Chapters in an Anthropology of Violence. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press.

 

Das, Veena et al (eds) 2000: Violence and Subjectivity. Berkeley – Los Angeles – London: University of California Press.

 

Das, Veena et al. (eds) 2001: Remaking a World: Violence, Social Suffering, and Recovery, Berkeley: U of California Press. [IECOB 302.6 VIOA]

 

Das, Veena 2007: Life and Words: Violence and the Descent in to the Ordinary. Berkeley – Los Angeles – London: University of California Press.

 

De Soto, Hermine, Nora Dudwick (eds) 1993. Fieldwork Dilemmas: Anthropologists in Postsocialist States, Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.

 

Doubt, Keith 2000. Sociology after Bosnia and Kosovo: Recovering Justice, N.Y. – Oxford: Rowman & Littlewood.

 

Drakulic, Slavenka 2004, They Would Never Hurt a Fly: War Criminals on Trial in The Hague, London: Abacus.

 

Duijzings, Ger 2000: Religion and the Politics of Identity in Kosovo, London: Hurst.

 

Elwert, Georg et al. (eds)1999: Dynamics of Violence: Processes of Escalation and De-Escalation in Violent Group Conflicts, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot.

 

Fatic, Aleksandar 2000, Reconciliation via the War Crimes Tribunal?, Aldershot: Ashgate.

Foucault, Michel 1985 [French original 1975]: Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. Harmondsworth: Penguin.

 

Feldman, L., Prica, I. And Senjkovic, R. (eds) 1993: Fear, Death and Resistance: An Ethnography of War:, Croatia: 1991 – 1992, Zagreb: Matrix Croatica.

 

Fleming, K.E. 2000. ‘Orientalism, the Balkans, and Balkan Historiography', American Historical Review 105/4: 1218 – 1233.

 

Gagnon, V.P. Jr. 2004. The Myth of Ethnic War. New York: Cornell University Press. [949.703 GAGV]

 

Gammer, Moshe 2006. The Lone Wolf and the Bear: Three Centuries of Chechen Defiance of Russian Rule. London: Hurst. [IECOB 947.52 GAMM]

 

Gender, Conflict, and Peacekeeping 2005, edited by Mazurana, Dyan et al. London – New York – Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield. [303.69 GENC]

 

Giddens, Anthony 1985: The Nation-State and Violence. Cambridge - London: Polity Press.

 

Girard, René 1995 [1988, French 1972]: Violence and the Sacred, London: Athlone.

 

Glenny, Misha 1996. The Fall of Yugoslavia. London: Penguin. [IECOB 949.703 GLEM]

 

Gow, James 2001: The Serbian Project and its Adversaries: A Strategy of War Crimes, London: Hurst.

 

Gutman, Roy and David Rieff (eds) 1999: Crimes of War: What the Public Should Know. London: W. W. Norton & Company.

 

Halpern, Joel M. and David A. Kideckel (eds) 2000. Neighbors at War: Anthropological Perspectives on Yugoslav Ethnicity, Culture, and History, University Park: UP Pennsylvania.

 

Hammond, Andrew (ed) 2004. The Balkans and the West: constructing the European other, 1945 – 2003. Aldeshot: Ashgate.

 

Hammond, Philip and Edward S. Herman (eds) 2000. Degraded Capability: The Media and the Kosovo Crisis, London: Pluto.

 

Hoare, Mark Attila 2005. How Bosnia Armed.  Saqi Books.

 

Hobsbawm, Eric 2000 [reprint]: Bandits. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.

 

Hobsbawm, Eric 1994: Age of Extremes: The Short Twentieth Century 1914 - 1991. London: Michael Joseph; NY: Viking Penguin.

 

[Horowitz, Donald L. 2003. The Deadly Ethnic Riot. Berkeley – L. Angeles: Univ. of California Press].

 

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*Herman, Judith Lewis 2001, Trauma and Recovery: From Domestic Abuse to Political Terror, London: Pandora.

 

IDEA (ed) 2003, Reconciliation After Violent Conflict: A Handbook 2003, Stockholm: International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance.

 

Ignatieff, Michael 2000: Virtual War. London: Chatto and Windus.

 

Ignatieff, Michael 1998: The Warrior's Honor: Ethnic War and the Modern Conscience. London: Henry Holt & Company.

 

Judah, Tim 1997: The Serbs. History, Myth and Destruction of Yugoslavia. New Haven – London: Yale UP.

 

Judah, Tim 2000: Kosovo War and Revenge, New Haven and London: Yale UP.

 

Kaldor, Mary 1999: New and Old Wars: Organised Violence in a Global Era, Cambridge - London: Polity.

 

Kaldor, Mary 2003, ‘Intervention in the Balkans: An unfinished learning process', (Peter Siani-Davies: 32 – 41.

 

Kaldor, Mary 2007: Human Security: Reflections on Globalization and Intervention, London: Polity.

 

Karakasidou, Anastasia N. 1997. Fields of Wheat, Hills of Blood. Passages to Nationhood in Greek Macedonia 1870-1990. Chicago: U Chicago P.

 

[Karpferer 1988. Legends of People – Myths of State: Violence, Intolerance, and Political Culture in Sri Lanka and Australia. Washington D.C.: Smithonian Institute.]

 

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*Levene, Mark and P. Roberts (eds) 1999, The Massacre in History, New York – Oxford: Berghahn.

 

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*Misztal, Barbar A. 1996: Trust in Modern Societies, Cambridge (UK): Polity.

 

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*Nordstrom, Carolyn (2004), Shadows of War: Vilence, Power, and International Profiteering in the Twenty-First Century, Berkeley – Los Angeles: University of California Press.

 

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*Portelli, Alessandro 2003, The Order Has Been Carried Out: History, Memory, and Meanign of a Nazi Massacre in Rome, New York: Palgrave/Macmillan.

 

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*Zizek, Slavoj, 2009, Violence, London: Profile Books.

 

Metodi didattici

Introductory lectures and seminar in 20 hrs classes per module: course work including core reading assignments, individual student presentations of selected readings (choices available) and 80% AQCI submissions and participation (see next pages); moderated group discussions (MGD-s)

and simulation game (simulated conflict mediation ‘fish bowl' exercise).

Modalità di verifica e valutazione dell'apprendimento

·         40% (20% each module): selected presentations of reading texts and general participation in class (in MGD-s and fulfillment of AQCI requirements)

·         20%: mid-course 15-min oral examination,

40%: 3,000 word essay.

Strumenti a supporto della didattica

Selected documentary film, power point, e -communication.

Orario di ricevimento

Consulta il sito web di Stephanie Schwandner Sievers