37215 - Laboratory of Anatomy (Part 2) (C1)

Learning outcomes

The student is able to describe the shape, structure, relationships, and projection on the body surface of the abdominopelvic organs. The student is also able to describe the structures of the central nervous system and identify major peripheral nerve injuries.

Course contents

Identify the anatomical structures and topographical location of structures through human corpse dissection and using anatomage.

Using microscopes observe and recognize the microscopic and macroscopic features of the organs.

Topics:

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Oral cavity. Topography, systematic anatomy, vasculature, innervation of different tracts of the digestive tract. Peritoneal behavior in relation to organ development.

URINARY APPARATUS
Kidneys: renal lodge, external and internal configuration, vascularization, innervation, functional anatomy of the nephron. Course, vascularization and innervation of the urinary tract. Organogenesis of the urinary tract.

MALE GENITAL APPARATUS.
Male gonads. Spermatic tract course and adnexal glands. External genital organs. Organogenesis of the male genital apparatus.

FEMALE GENITAL APPARATUS.
Female gonads. Genital tracts: uterine tubes, uterus, vagina. External genital organs. Mammary gland. Organogenesis of the female genital apparatus.

ENDOCRINE APPARATUS.
Topography, macroscopic, microscopic and functional anatomy of thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal glands and endocrine pancreas.

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Organization and development of the central nervous system.

Spinal cord: external and internal configuration. Roots of the spinal nerves. Organization of gray matter and white matter.
Encephalic trunk: bulb, pons and midbrain. External configuration and relationships. IV ventricle, cerebral peduncles, lamina quadrigemina, mesencephalic aqueduct.
Cerebellum: external and internal configuration, structure and architecture cerebellar cortex.
Diencephalon: thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus and subthalamus. III ventricle.
Telencephalon: general conformation. Scissuras, lobes, circumvolutions, cortex, brain areas. Lateral ventricles. Subcortical nuclei and organization of white matter. Main commessural systems of the telencephalon. Limbic system.
Spinal and encephalic meninges: dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater, choroid canvas and plexuses, cephalorachid fluid.
Vasculature of the neuraxis: vasculature of spinal cord and encephalon. Internal carotid artery. Vertebro-basilar system. Polygon of Willis. Cerebral arteries. Venous sinuses dura mater. Autonomic nervous system: Orthosympathetic system and its plexuses. Encephalic and sacral parasympathetic system.

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Spinal nerves and encephalic nerves.

Specific sensitivity apparatuses: visual apparatus, hearing apparatus and integumentary apparatus.

Readings/Bibliography

Anastasi G. et al., Anatomia Umana (3vol), Edi Ermes

Anatomia del Gray , 40° ed (2 volumi), Edra

Netter F., Atlante di Anatomia Umana, Edra

Guida alla lettura dell'Atlante di Anatomia Umana di F. Netter, Edra

Anatomia clinica, Casa Editrice Ambrosiana

Rohen-Yokochi, Atlante fotografico di Anatomia descrittiva e topografica, Piccin

Atlante di Anatomia, Prometheus , EdiSes

Kamina, Atlante di Anatomia, Piccin

Young B. et al., Wheater Istologia ed Anatomia microscopica, Edra Masson

Teaching methods

The laboratory is based on guided practical activities aimed at the identification of the main anatomical structures covered in the Anatomy 2 course and at the understanding of their three-dimensional organization and topographical relationships.

Practical sessions include the identification of the anatomical structures discussed during lectures using anatomical models, the observation of human anatomical specimens in the dissection room, and virtual anatomy activities using the Anatomage Digital Anatomy Table.

Activities carried out in the dissection room allow students to directly observe dissected human anatomical specimens, enhancing their understanding of the anatomical relationships among organs and adjacent structures, individual anatomical variations, and the principal anatomo-clinical correlations.

Practical sessions also include the observation and identification of microscopic anatomy specimens related to the organs and systems covered in the course, with the aim of integrating gross anatomical knowledge with microscopic structural features.

The use of the Anatomage Digital Anatomy Table enables students to explore the three-dimensional organization of the human body and to correlate gross anatomy with sectional anatomy and the principal radiological images.

Assessment methods

The Anatomy 2 Laboratory does not include a separate assessment. The knowledge and skills acquired during the practical activities contribute to the student's overall preparation and will be evaluated as part of the Anatomy 2 course examination, according to the procedures described in the corresponding course syllabus. For further details, please refer to:https://www.unibo.it/en/study/course-units-transferable-skills-moocs/course-unit-catalogue/course-unit/2026/550222

Teaching tools

Laboratory activities make use of three-dimensional anatomical models of the organs and structures described during lectures, which are used for the identification of the principal anatomical structures and their topographical relationships.

The Anatomage Virtual Anatomy Table is used for the study of three-dimensional and sectional human anatomy, allowing the interactive exploration of anatomical structures and their spatial relationships.

Laboratory activities also include the observation of microscopic anatomy specimens related to the organs and systems covered in the course, with the aim of integrating gross anatomical knowledge with their microscopic structural organization.

Office hours

See the website of Gabriella Teti