37198 - Anatomy (Part 1) (AK)

Learning outcomes

Upon completion of the Anatomy 1 course, students – taking into account the temporal dimension from organogenesis through somatic growth to the ageing of the individual – will be able to: - describe the macroscopic, topographical and microscopic anatomy of the musculoskeletal system, including the course of the peripheral nerves, and of the cardiovascular, respiratory and lymphatic systems; - navigate the sectional anatomy of the thoracic viscera; - identify and diagnose organs from microscopic specimens of the various organs of the cardiovascular, respiratory and lymphatic systems. Thanks to their knowledge of regional anatomy, students should be able to: - discuss the surgical or endoscopic approaches to the organs of the thoracic cavity; - recognise the relationships between the various normal organs in diagnostic imaging.

Course contents

 

MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
General information on bones, joints and muscles, with reference to their embryological development.
Description of the various bone segments and the ways in which they articulate with one another.
Spinal column:
• morphology of the vertebrae in the various segments of the spine;
• intervertebral joints, atlanto-occipital and atlanto-epistrophic joints;
• organisation of the paravertebral muscles.
Thoracic cage:
• morphology of the bones of the thorax;
• costosternal and costovertebral joints;
• muscles of the thorax and diaphragm.
Pectoral girdle and upper limb:
• morphology of the bones;
• clavicle-sternal, coracoid-clavicular, scapular-humeral, elbow, distal radioulnar and radiocarpal joints;
• muscles of the shoulder, arm and forearm; axillary fossa;
• topography of blood vessels  in relation to the muscles of the limbs, with interpretation of radiological images.
Pelvic girdle and lower limb:
• morphology of the bones;
• sacroiliac, hip, knee and tibiotarsal joints;
• muscles of the hip, thigh and leg;
• Scarpa’s triangle and the popliteal fossa;
• anatomy of blood vessels  in relation to the muscles of the limbs, including the interpretation of radiological images.
Skull:
• morphology of the bones of the splancnocranium and neurocranium;
• anterior, middle, posterior, temporal, infratemporal and pterygopalatine cranial fossae;
• temporomandibular joint;

masticatory muscles.

 

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Heart:

• topography and superficial anatomy;

• pericardium;

• internal structure, fibrous skeleton and valvular systems;

• vascularisation: coronary arteries; innervation and organogenesis.

Organisation of blood vessels:

• course of the aorta and its collateral branches;

• course of the vena cavae and the azygos vein system;

• basic radiological anatomy of the vascular system.

Lymphatic system:

Organisation of lymphatic vessels, thoracic duct and main lymphatic vessels.

Microscopic anatomy of the lymphoid and haematopoietic organs.

 

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Upper airways:

• topography, systematic anatomy, vascularisation and innervation.

Larynx:

• topography and relationships;

• cartilaginous skeleton;

• extrinsic and intrinsic muscles;

• vascularisation and innervation

Lungs:

• topographical and macroscopic anatomy;

• bronchial tree and pulmonary segments;

• functional circulation and nutritive circulation;

• innervation;

• pleural serosa and pleural sinuses;

Microscopic anatomy of the respiratory system.

Readings/Bibliography

elf-study requires the compulsory use of a textbook and an atlas.

 

Anatomy Textbooks:

- Gray’s Anatomy, 41st ed. (2 volumes), Edra

- Anastasi G. et al., Human Anatomy (3 vols), Edi Ermes

Anatomy Atlases:

- Netter F., Atlas of Human Anatomy, Edra

Cocco L. and Manzoli L., Guide to Reading F. Netter’s Atlas of Human Anatomy, Edra

- Atlas of Anatomy, Prometheus, EdiSes

- Rohen-Yokochi, Photographic Atlas of Descriptive and Topographical Anatomy, Piccin

- Kamina, Atlas of Anatomy, Piccin

Texts on Microscopic Anatomy:

- Young B. et al., Wheater’s Histology and Microscopic Anatomy, Edra

Teaching methods

The course consists of a series of lectures accompanied by practical sessions.

The practical sessions take place:

- in the macroscopic anatomy laboratory, using human bones, plastic models and pig organs for dissection;

- in the microscopic anatomy laboratory, using microscopic specimens of the lymphatic system, respiratory system and digestive system;

- in the dissection theatre on cadavers prepared by the lecturers. Three practical sessions are scheduled: 1) study of the thorax and the organs it contains; 2) study of the head and neck region and the anterior abdominal wall; 3) study of the abdominal cavity and the organs it contains.

Health and safety training for activities in biological, chemical, mechanical and similar laboratories

Given the nature of the activities and the teaching methods employed, attendance at this training programme requires the student body (including incoming international students, e.g. ERASMUS) to complete the general training course (Module 1) and the high-risk training course (Module 3) via e-learning, available on the following page:

Students – General and specific training

Assessment methods

The final assessment consists of an oral examination in which the student, using plastic models and osteological specimens, must demonstrate their acquired knowledge of systematic and topographical anatomy of the various anatomical regions, including an overview of radiological correlations.
The assessment also includes the identification of a microscopic specimen.


Grading scale for the final mark in Anatomy
• Sufficient knowledge of the topics covered in the course but limited ability to express oneself, which sometimes only becomes apparent with the lecturer’s assistance: mark between 18 and 24;
• Satisfactory knowledge of the topics covered in the course, good ability to express ideas and good command of specific terminology: mark between 25 and 28;
• Comprehensive knowledge of the topics covered in the course, excellent ability to express ideas, full command of specific terminology and the ability to present a coherent argument: mark between 29 and 30-30L.

Teaching tools

The teaching materials are available on the teaching support platform – Virtuale.

 

The microscopic anatomy slides can be viewed on the Virtual Microscopy website (http://virtualmicroscopy.patologia-sperimentale.unibo.it).

Office hours

See the website of Lucia Manzoli

See the website of Giulia Ramazzotti

See the website of Stefano Ratti

See the website of Stefano Ratti