02359 - General Pathology and Physiopathology

Learning outcomes

By the end of the course, students will be able to:

• clearly understand the fundamental concepts of disease, etiology, and pathogenesis, recognizing the causes of major pathological processes and the mechanisms underlying their development;

• demonstrate knowledge of the main biological defense mechanisms activated in response to pathogens, the morphological changes they induce in cells and tissues, and the resulting systemic and functional consequences for the organism;

• integrate molecular, morphological, microbiological, immunological, and physiological knowledge to analyze the etiopathogenesis of diseases and the main pathophysiological mechanisms;

• apply basic biomedical, pathological, and pathophysiological knowledge to the critical interpretation of experimental and clinical data;

• understand the pathophysiological basis of signs and symptoms of diseases, laying the groundwork for clinical practice based on objective evidence and critical analysis.

Course contents

INTRODUCTION

Objectives of the integrated course

Concepts of disease, etiology and pathogenesis

ENVIRONMENTAL PATHOLOGY

Physical agent, Local and systemic effects of high and low temperatures. Damage from smoking Pathology caused by chemical agents Ethanol: absorption and detoxification Ethanol: acute and chronic toxic effects Pathology due to biological agents Local and systemic effects of endotoxins Pathogenic mechanism of exotoxins (diphtheria, cholera, tetanus and botulinum)

CELLULAR PATHOLOGY

Cellular adaptations Physiological and pathological atrophy Physiological and pathological hypertrophy Physiological and pathological hyperplasia Metaplasia and dysplasia Reversible cell changes Aetiopathogenesis of cell damage Vacuolar degeneration Steatosis: etiology and classification Steatosis: pathogenetic mechanisms Cell death Apoptosis: etiopathogenesis Apoptosis: morphological alterations Necrosis: etiopathogenesis Necrosis: classification; Ferroptosis, Necroptptosis and Pyroptosis: etiopathogenesis and classification

EXTRACELLULAR ACCUMULATION PATHOLOGY

Systemic amyloidosis Localized amyloidosis

DAMAGE RESPONSE MECHANISMS

Acute inflammation General features Etiology Vascular phenomena Formation and functions of the exudate Cellular phenomena Phagocytosis Chemical mediators: plasma proteases Chemical mediators: cellular products Classification Outcomes and systemic effects Chronic inflammation Nonspecific forms Granulomatous forms Pneumoconiosis Etiopathogenesis of tuberculous disease Outcomes and consequences of tuberculous disease

REPAIR MECHANISMS

Tissue repair and connective tissue formation Granulation tissue Wound healing Pathogenesis of sclerosis and cirrhosis Morphological aspects and consequences of liver cirrhosis

GENERAL PHYSIOPATHOLOGY

General pathophysiology of haemostasis

Pathophysiology of endothelial cells Aetiopathogenesis of vascular purpura Etiopathogenesis of thrombocytopenia and thrombasthenia Etiopathogenesis of coagulation defects Etiopathogenesis of disseminated intravascular coagulation

General pathophysiology of vessels and circulation Classification of arteriosclerosis Risk factors for atherosclerosis Formation and pathogenesis of atheroma Consequences of atherosclerosis Etiopathogenesis of thrombosis Thrombosis classification Etiology and classification of emboli Pathogenesis and consequences of embolism Aetiopathogenesis of infarction Aetiopathogenesis of hypertension Aetiopathogenesis of shock Aetiopathogenesis of hypoxia and cyanosis Hypoxic, anemic, stagnant and histotoxic hypoxia

Endocrine, metabolism and metabolism pathophysiology Etiopathogenesis of diabetes mellitus Consequences of diabetes Etiopathogenesis of transudative edema Localized and generalized oedemas Calcium metabolism Dystrophic and metastatic calcifications

Pathophysiology of thermoregulation

Etiopathogenesis of fever and non-febrile hyperthermia

Readings/Bibliography

V. Kumar, A.K. Abbas, J.C. Aster. “Robbins e Cotran - Le basi patologiche delle malattie”, 9^a edizione, 2015, Casa Editrice Edra, Milano

Pontieri G.M. “Patologia Generale e Fisiopatologia Generale", VI Edizione, 2019, Piccin Editore

Selected scientific literature

Teaching methods

Lectures with ppt presentations.

Multiple choice questions by quiz on wooclap platform

Flipped classroom method for some topics

Assessment methods

The exam is oral with questions on theory and questions on the Pathology laboratory.

The final grade is calculated as the arithmetic mean between theory and laboratory.

The exam is passed if a mark of at least 18/30 is obtained in each course.

Students with learning disorders and\or temporary or permanent disabilities: please, contact the office responsible (https://site.unibo.it/studenti-con-disabilita-e-dsa/en/for-students ) as soon as possible so that they can propose acceptable adjustments. The request for adaptation must be submitted in advance (15 days before the exam date) to the lecturer, who will assess the appropriateness of the adjustments, taking into account the teaching objectives.

Teaching tools

The teaching material presented in class will be made available on https://virtuale.unibo.it/ in electronic format

Office hours

See the website of Aurelia Santoro