06065 - Pathological Anatomy II

Learning outcomes

Acquisition of knowledge on the aetiopathogenesis and macro-microscopic morphology of the most important congenital and acquired organic modifications and on the multi-organic involvement in systemic diseases. The student will be enabled to use these information to plan a differential diagnosis.

Course contents

Respiratory system: Nasal cavity: malformations, haemorrhages, equine progressive ethmoidal haematoma. Phlogosis: aetiology, pathogenesis and morphological types. Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR), equine adenitis, glanders. Inflammation of the guttural pouch. Swine atrophic rhinitis. Parasitic diseases and enzootic and sporadic tumours of nasal cavities. Larynx and trachea: malformations, haemorrhages, oedema, equine laryngeal hemiplegia, phlogosis: aetiology, pathogenesis and morphological types. Airways: malformations, foreign body pathologies, stenosis, bronchiectasia (aetiopathogenesis and morphological macroscopic patterns); bronchitis and bronchiolitis (classification and pulmonary consequences). Lung: variation of pulmonary air content: classification, pathogenesis, gross examination and histological aspects of atelectasis (congenital and acquired) and of emphysema (parenchymatous and interstitial, acute and chronic). Pulmonary oedema: aetiopathogenesis, macroscopic and microscopic features. Lung abnormalities of blood flow: gross examination and pathogenesis of hyperaemia, hischemia, pulmonary embolism and thrombosis. Pneumonias: classification. Aetiopathogenesis and gross examination of bronchopneumonia, f ibrinous, interstitial, purulent and gangrenous pneumonias: Granulomatous pneumonia:  pathogenesis of tuberculosis in domestic mammals. Bovine, equine, swine, canine and feline pulmonary tuberculosis. Bovine pneumonias: enzootic pneumonia, shipping fever, ARDS-BRSV, fog fever, extrinsic allergic alveolitis. Swine pneumonias: enzootic pneumonia, pleuropneumonia, interstitial pneumonia. Canine and feline pneumonias: CDV, FHV and FCV. Pulmonary parasitic diseases of the airways ( Strongyloidosis), of the pulmonary circulation (Filariasis, Angiostrongylosis) and lung pathologies caused by parasites migration (Ascarioidea) or erratic localization (Distomatosis). Pneumoconiosis, pulmonary calcifications, airways and pulmonary tumours.

Pleural cavity: Pneumothorax. Hydrothorax, haemothorax, Chylothorax, Pleuritis (classification, pathogenesis). Tuberculous pleuritis. Canine pleural actinomycosis.

Urinary system: Kidney: malformation (hypoplasia, lobar persistence, dysplasias). Congenital and acquired renal cysts: macroscopic aspects and pathogenesis. Perirenal pseudocysts. Kidney: hyperaemia, haemorrhages, hischemia, renal papillary necrosis, infarct. Glomerulonephrosis (pathogenesis of glomerular damage, glomerular lipidosis, diabetic glomerulonephrosis, amyloid glomerulonephrosis); hischemic and toxic tubulonephrosis (hischemia, mycotoxins, heavy metals, pulpy kidney), hemo-myoglobinuric and colemic tubulonephrosis, mineral deposits (nephrocalcinosis, oxalates, “uric acid infarcts”). Classification of nephritis. Glomerulonephritis (gross examination and pathogenesis); histological aspects of acute and chronic types, aetiology of swine, equine, feline and canine glomerulonephritis. Tubulointerstitial nephritis (gross examination, pathogenesis, aetiology). Bovine tubulointerstitial nephritis (focal, diffuse, maculosa alba, calcinosis). Swine, canine, feline tubulointerstitial nephritis. Purulent nephritis: classification, apostematous nephritis and disseminate purulent nephritis (gross examination, pathogenesis, aetiology). Pyelonephritis. Granulomatous nephritis. Renal parasitosis: Klossiellosis, Lehismaniasis, Encephalitozoonosis, Microascaridiosis, halicephalobiasis.  Primitive renal epithelial (adenoma, carcinoma) and mesenchymal neoplasms and nephroblastoma; secondary renal neoplasms. Urinary tract: ureters: malformations, ectasia, occlusions, urolithiasis (classification, pathogenesis, consequences of bovine, canine and feline urolithiasis); cystitis (classification, pathogenesis), hydronephrosis, neoplasms of urinary tract, bovine enzootic hematuria.

Hemolymphopoietic organs: Bone marrow: involution, hyperplasia, aplasia, gelatinous atrophy, haemosiderosis, necrosis. Lymph-nodes: hypoplasia, atrophy, pathological pigmentations, necrosis, abnormalities of blood flow and pneumatosis. Macroscopic and microscopic features of simple (acute and chronic), purulent, hemorrhagic and necrotizing, granulomatous and piogranulomatous  lymphadenitis. Pathology of hemolymphnodes. Spleen: malformations,  abnormalities of blood flow (passive hyperaemia, haematomas, infarcts), degenerations (atrophy, hyalinosis, amyloidosis, haemosiderosis, necrosis), splenitis ( hyperemic-haemorrhagic, hyperplastic, purulent-gangrenous, necrotizing, fibrous, granulomatous). Lymphatic leukaemia-lymphoma complex (Kiel, IWF, REAL histologic classification systems). Assessment of the immunophenotype of a lymphoma. Anatomic classification and macroscopic feature of bovine, equine, swine, canine and feline lymphoma.

Cardiovascular system: Heart: malformations, hydropericardium, hemopericardium, pericarditis (classification and aetiology); myocardiosis, myocardial necrosis (causes and effects), myocardial hypertrophy, myocarditis with particular reference to purulent, lymphocytic and granulomatous myocarditis. Endocardium: calcification, endocardiosis, fibroelastosis; endocarditis (pathogenesis, aetiology, classification). Blood vessels: aneurysm, thrombosis, regressive arteropathies (calcifications, hyalinosis, fibrinoidosis, amyloidosis, arterosclerosis), arteritis (acute and chronic, pathogenesis). Veins: thrombosis, phlebitis. Lymphatics: lymphangectasia, lymphangitis. Parasites of vessels. Neoplasms of vessels.

Gastrointestinal system: Oral cavity and pharynx: malformations, pigmentations, phlogosis (causes, classification with particular reference to macroscopic aspect of vesicular and vesicular-pustolous, catarrhal, pseudomembranous, erosive-ulcerative lesions), parasitic lesions, neoplasms. Teeth:  pigmentations, plaque, tartar, decay, phlogosis. Tonsils: atrophy/hyperplasia, necrosis,  foreign bodies, tonsillitis. Salivary glands: necrosis, sialoadenitis, neoplasms. Oesophagus: malformations, fistulas, hernias, diverticulas, stenosis, megaesophagus, oesophagitis, parasites, neoplasms. Pre-stomachs of ruminants: foreign bodies, phlogosis (superficial acute and deep ruminitis, bovine traumatic ruminitis), parasitic lesions, neoplasms. Stomach/abomasum. Torsion (pathogenesis, gross examination),  foreign bodies, hyperaemia, oedema, haemorrhage, ulcer (aetiopathogenesis, gross examination of swine gastroesophageal ulcer and bovine abomasal ulcer); gastritis/abomasitis: superficial (catarrhal, hemorrhagic, pseudomembranous, atrophic, hyperplastic), deep (purulent, granulomatous); neoplasms. Intestine: malformations (agenesy, atrophy, diverticulas), ectopias, cystic pneumatosis,stones, stenosis, ectasia, enteritis (classification and principal bovine (coronavirus, rotavirus, BVDV, E.coli, Salmonella, Paratuberculosis, Tuberculosis), swine (TGE, E.coli and Edema disease,Salmonella, Lawsonia intracellularis, Tuberculosis) enteritis. Mentions about equine, canine, feline and rabbit enteritis. Neoplasms (epithelial, mesenchymal, tumour-like lesions).

Peritoneal cavity: Abnormal contents (food, blood, urine, chilo, gas); pathogenesis of ascites; peritonitis: aetiology and classification. Peritoneal parasitic lesions. Peritoneal neoplasms.

Mammary gland:  Congenital anomalies, acquired alterations, abnormalities of blood flow, mastitis: aetiology, pathogenesis and classification of the maintypes of bovine mastitis (fibrinopurulent or gangrenous mastitis,hemorrhagic-necrotizing mastitis, interstitial mastitis, granulomatous and piogranulomatous mastitis; mentions about ovine-caprine mastitis. Epidemiology of mammary tumours, hormone-dependency, dysplastic lesions, concept of simple, complex and mixed tumours, histological grading (histological grad eand stag e) and TNM system.

Skin :Macroscopic and microscopic elementary lesions in dermopathology (spots, papule, pompho, nodule, vesicle, exocytosis, pustula, ortho -and para -keratosic hyperkeratosis, acanthosis, spongiosis, hydropic degeneration, acantolisis, dermic oedema, dermic fibrosis, pigmentary incontinence). Dermatosis with endocrine (hypothyroidism, hypercorticism, hyperestrogenism) orcarential induced alopecia; dermatosis with deposit (calcinosis, mucinosis). Pneumoderma, necrosis and subcutissteatonecrosis, cutaneous gangrene (dry, damp, gassy). Benign and ma lignant epithelial skin tumours of epidermic oradnexal (hair follicles, sudoriparous and sebaceous glands) origin; mesenchymal tumours (fibroma, fibromatosis, sarcoma, schwannoma, hemangiopericytoma) and round cells tumours (mast-cell tumour, melanoma, histiocytoma, plasmacytoma).

 

Readings/Bibliography

• Marcato P. S.: Patologia sistematica veterinaria. Il Sole 24 Ore-Edagricole, 2002.
• Power point files are available on Alm@ DL only if students are registered in the giuseppe.sarli.anatpatvet2 distribution list.

Teaching methods

The course  includes 41 hours of theoretical lessons and 15 hours (per student) of practical and supervised work. The latter encompasses the exam of isolate organs bearing lesions presented in the theoretical lessons.

Assessment methods

An exam is to be taken at the end of the course. The exam includes 2 parts contextually: a practical part in which the candidate receives an organ of a domestic mammal and he/she will have to recognize the organ and the pathological process; a second part that encompasses the oral answer to two questions.

The examination is carried out together with the Cytology and Pathological Histology exam.

The registration to the exam is possible only by AlmaEsami.

Further information are abvailale in the home page of the teacher.

Teaching tools

Slide projector for theoretical lessons and autopsy room for practice.

Links to further information

http://www2.vet.unibo.it/staff/Sarli/Syllabus_CI_AP2.htm

Office hours

See the website of Giuseppe Sarli