37214 - Anatomy (Part 2)

Learning outcomes

Upon completion of the integrated Anatomy course, students must know the morphological organization and the morpho-functional relationships of the systems and apparatuses that make up the human body under normal conditions.

Course contents

LOCOMOTOR SYSTEM

General concepts of bones, joints, and muscles, with organogenetic references. Description of the different bone segments and their articulation mechanisms.

Vertebral Column:

• Morphology of vertebrae across different regions of the spine;
• Intervertebral, atlanto-occipital, and atlanto-axial joints;
• Organization of paravertebral muscles.

Rib Cage (Thoracic Cage):

• Morphology of thoracic bones;
• Costosternal and costovertebral joints;
• Thoracic muscles and the diaphragm.

Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb:

• Bone morphology;
• Sternoclavicular, coracoclavicular, glenohumeral (shoulder), elbow, distal radioulnar, and radiocarpal (wrist) joints;
• Muscles of the shoulder, arm, and forearm; axillary fossa;
• Topography of blood vessels and nerves (brachial plexus) in relation to limb muscles, including the interpretation of radiological images.

Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb:

• Bone morphology;
• Sacroiliac, coxofemoral (hip), knee, and talocrural (ankle) joints;
• Muscles of the hip, thigh, and leg;
• Femoral triangle (Scarpa's triangle) and popliteal fossa;
• Topography of blood vessels and nerves (lumbosacral plexus) in relation to limb muscles, including the interpretation of radiological images.

Skull:

• Morphology of the bones of the viscerocranium (splancnocranium) and neurocranium;
• Anterior, middle, posterior, temporal, infratemporal, and pterygopalatine cranial fossae;
• Temporomandibular joint;
• Muscles of mastication.

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Heart:

• Topography and surface anatomy;
• Pericardium;
• Internal configuration, fibrous skeleton, and valvular apparatus;
• Vascularization: coronary arteries; innervation and organogenesis.

Organization of Blood Vessels:

• Course of the aorta and its collateral branches;
• Course of the venae cavae and the azygos vein system;
• Basics of radiological anatomy of the vascular system.

Lymphatic System:

• Organization of lymphatic vessels, thoracic duct, and main lymphatic vessels.

Lymphoid and Hematopoietic Organs:

• Microscopic anatomy of the thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes.

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Upper Respiratory Tract:

• Topography, systematic anatomy, vascularization, and innervation.

Larynx:

• Topography and anatomical relationships;
• Cartilaginous skeleton;
• Extrinsic and intrinsic muscles;
• Vascularization and innervation.

Lungs:

• Topographical and macroscopic anatomy;
• Bronchial tree and bronchopulmonary segments;
• Functional and nutritive circulation;
• Innervaton;
• Pleural serosa and pleural recesses (sinuses);
• Microscopic anatomy of the respiratory system.

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Oral cavity and associated structures. Topography, systematic anatomy, vascularization, and innervation of the various segments of the digestive tract. Behavior of the peritoneum in relation to organ development.

URINARY SYSTEM

Kidneys: renal bed (loggia), external and internal configuration, vascularization, innervation, functional anatomy of the nephron. Course, vascularization, and innervation of the urinary tract. Organogenesis of the urinary system.

MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Male gonads. Course of the spermatic pathways and accessory glands. External genitalia. Organogenesis of the male reproductive system.

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Female gonads. Genital tract: uterine tubes (fallopian tubes), uterus, vagina. External genitalia. Mammary gland. Organogenesis of the female reproductive system.

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Topography, macroscopic, microscopic, and functional anatomy of the thyroid, parathyroid, and adrenal glands, and the endocrine pancreas.

 

Readings/Bibliography

Netter F., Atlante di Anatomia Umana, Edra

Anastasi G. et al., Anatomia Umana (3vol), Edi Ermes

Young B. et al., Wheater Istologia ed Anatomia microscopica, Edra

Anatomia del Gray , 40° ed (2 volumi), Edra

Teaching methods

The course is divided into a series of lectures which are accompanied by practical exercises in the laboratories located in the Valsalva Hub of the Morgagni-Pierantini Hospital in Forlì, using the virtual anatomical table ANATOMAGE Table and the Microscopic Anatomy Classroom. Furthermore, a part of the practical exercises includes lessons in the sector room of the "Anatomy Center Bologna" on the Bologna site on cadavers prepared by the teachers.

In consideration of the types of activities and teaching methods adopted, the attendance of this training activity requires all students of Modules 1 and 2 to carry out e-learning [https://www.unibo.it/it/servizi- e-opportunities / health-and-assistance / health-and-safety / safety-and-health-in-places-of-study-and-training] and participation in Module 3 specific training on safety and health in places of study. Information on dates and methods of attendance of Module 3 can be consulted in the specific section of the degree program website. " 

Assessment methods

The final assessment consists of an oral exam in which the student, utilizing plastic models and osteological material, must demonstrate acquired knowledge of the systematic and topographical anatomy of the various organs. The exam also includes the identification of a microscopic specimen. The final grade takes into account the outcome of the History of Medicine assessment.

Final Grade Grading Scale:

• 18–19: Knowledge limited to a very small number of topics covered in the course and analytical skills that emerge only with the support of the instructor; expression in generally correct language.

• 20–24: Knowledge limited to a small number of topics covered in the course and independent analytical skills confined only to purely routine questions; expression in correct language.

• 25–29: Knowledge covering a broad range of topics discussed in the course, ability to make independent critical analysis choices, and mastery of specific terminology.

• 30–30L: Substantially exhaustive knowledge of the topics covered in the course, ability to make independent choices of critical analysis and connection, full mastery of specific terminology, and strong skills in argumentation and self-reflection. 

Teaching tools

Personal computer, video projector, overhead projector. CT and MRI images. Anatomage Table for virtual dissection. Anatomical models of the skeleton and main organs. 

Office hours

See the website of Irene Faenza

See the website of Sara Salucci