08957 - Cardiovascular Diseases (AK -A)

Learning outcomes

At the end of the module, the student will have acquired the knowledge and ability to understand the main pathologies affecting the heart valves, the indications for diagnostic evaluation and the principles of therapy

Course contents

(1) Aortic valve stenosis. Definition, epidemiology, etiopathogenesis and pathophysiology. The formation of the transvalvular aortic gradient. Cardiac remodeling secondary to pressure overload. Symptoms, natural history and therapy. TAVI. Surgical aortic valve replacement.

(2) Aortic valve insufficiency. Definition, epidemiology, etiopathogenesis and pathophysiology. The primary form versus the secondary form. Volume overload. Cardiac remodeling secondary to volume overload. Symptoms, natural history and therapy. TAVI. Surgical aortic valve replacement.

(3) Mitral valve stenosis. Definition, epidemiology, etiopathogenesis and pathophysiology. The formation of the mitral transvalvular gradient. The passive retrograde transmission of the pressure increase in the left atrium to the pulmonary circulation. Symptoms, natural history and therapy. Mitral valvuloplasty. The Wilkins score. Surgical aortic valve replacement.

(4) Mitral valve insufficiency. Definition, epidemiology, etiopathogenesis and pathophysiology. The primary form versus the secondary form. Volume overload. Cardiac remodeling secondary to volume overload. Symptoms, natural history and therapy. Phenotypes of mitral valve insufficiency in ischemic heart disease. Transcatheter mitral valve repair techniques. The implantation of trans-catheter valves. Surgical mitral valve annuloplasty. Surgical mitral valve replacement.

(5) Bacterial endocarditis. Etiopathogenesis and pathophysiology. The formation of vegetation. Main bacteria involved in the development of bacterial endocarditis. Predisposing factors. Clinical presentation. Acute bacterial endocarditis. Subacute bacterial endocarditis. Clinical forms. Clinical manifestations. Intracardiac lesions. Immune complex lesions. The diagnosis. Duke's criteria. Diagnostic techniques. Functional repercussions on heart valves after endocarditis. Medical therapies. Surgical therapy.

Readings/Bibliography

The teaching material presented in class will be made available to the student in electronic format available online Virtuale.

With reference to the topics of the program, the following texts are recommended:

Core Curriculum Cardiology. A. Branzi, F. Picchio. McGraw Hill Education

Cardiology Guidelines - European Society of Cardiology [https://www.escardio.org/Guidelines/Clinical-Practice-Guidelines]

Braunwald Heart Diseases - Treatise on Cardiovascular Medicine [https://sol.unibo.it/SebinaOpac/query/braunwald%20s%20heart%20disease%20a %20textbook%20of%20cardiovascular%20medicine?context=catalog]

Teaching methods

Interactive lectures.

The lessons aim to facilitate the learning of the most relevant topics of the program, facilitating their understanding.

Assessment methods

The end-of-course exam aims to assess the achievement of the educational objectives.

For the specific segment of Cardiovascular Diseases:

a) know the pathophysiological mechanisms of the main cardiovascular diseases;

b) know the clinical manifestations of the main diseases of the cardiovascular system with the acquisition of a correct diagnostic and clinical methodological approach;

c) know the diagnostic-therapeutic process of the main cardiovascular diseases."

The assessment of learning is divided into oral exams aimed at ascertaining the knowledge of the topics and the solution to practical problems such as those faced during the lesson hours.

The evaluation also takes into consideration the level of critical analysis achieved by the student.

Final grade graduation

18-20: knowledge of basic concepts without serious gaps, acceptable exposition and language.

21-25: knowledge of basic concepts without gaps, partial autonomy in the ability to analyze and connect, discrete exposition and language.

26-29: preparation of a good, very good or excellent level but with errors and inaccuracies, good autonomy in the ability to analyze and connect, good or very good exposition and language.

30-30L: excellent preparation without inaccuracies, complete autonomy in the ability to analyze and connect, excellent level of exposure and full mastery of the specific language.

Teaching tools

During the lessons, slides containing diagrams, photos, films and figures will be projected.

The teaching material presented in class will be made available on https://virtuale.unibo.it/ in electronic format, with access allowed via username and password.

Office hours

See the website of Tullio Palmerini