32302 - Anthropology of Post-Socialist Societies

Course contents

 

This course introduces both the East and West disciplinary trajectories of ethnology, ethnography and social/cultural anthropology in Eastern Europe. Its main focus, however, are contemporary, Anglo-American inspired, ethnographies of the region. It is divided into two modules, firstly, the Anthropology of Postsocialism, which offers case studies from the wider post-Soviet spaces; and, secondly, the Anthropology of Conflict, Violence and Reconciliation, which is based on the more narrow, post-Yugoslav context.

 

The course aims to introduce students to, and familiarise them with, the ethnographic, bottom-up and micro-perspectives of social/cultural anthropology  as well as the discipline's critique on standard assumptions of international policy regarding development, transition and conflict management as these have been applied during the periods of post-socialist transition in Eastern Europe, in general, and of war, conflict and international intervention in post-socialist Southeastern Europe, in particular.

 

Module I: The Anthropology of Post-Socialism

 

Guided by anthropological theory, and through ethnographic case studies, this module aims to identify and discuss on-the-ground commonalities and differences of socio-cultural experience, practices, subjectivities, strategies, processes and change in response to both uncertainties and new opportunities as part of decollectivisation, marketisation, pluralisation, new forms of governmentality and globalisation processes in post-socialist South-eastern, Central and Eastern Europe and post-Soviet Russia. It explores the ways in which cultural and historical legacies, both of the pre-communist and the communist period, have informed socio-cultural continuities and change, and shaped responses to post-socialist ideological and practical changes within specific ethnographic settings. Core questions concern the ways in which such changes have affected everyday and social lives, informed both individual and group survival strategies and practices, fostered formal and informal, entrepreneurial and civic, stationary and mobile agencies and subjectivities, and how local perceptions and practices have subverted international interventions as well as transformed legacies from the past. In more detail, issues to be discussed include: ‘re-traditionalisation' and changing concepts of property: the ‘elasticity' of land and conflict; nostalgia, memory and new nationalism; reconfigurations of social relations (gender, class); civil society both as intervention ‘project' engendering unintended social/cultural consequences and locally (re)conceptualised; new market moralities (‘market shock' and its effects on local moral economies, and local rationales regarding‘bribery' and ‘corruption'); nouveau riches, new elites and consumerism; and processes of de-secularisation, religious revivals and new-age-ism.

 

Module II: The Anthropology of Conflict, Violence and Reconciliation in SEE

 

Conflict and violence have been key issues in post-socialist Southeastern-Europe. In fact, violence has become a defining stereotype for the region. This module aims to look critically at the concept and reality of ‘Balkan violence' as a specific outcome of the collapse of the previous socialist regime. Firstly, it seeks to put violence in a comparative, historical and theoretical perspective in order to de-construct and contextualize the notion of Balkan specificity. For this purpose, an interdisciplinary approach will be vital in order to study processes of violence, conflict and its resolution in various contexts; yet course participants will also be introduced specifically to current anthropological debates in the study of conflict and violence that have emerged from studying recent SEE war and conflict from a bottom-up perspective. This module thereby responds to new orientations in policy studies (such as the Human Security debate), which have emerged from the post-Cold War and recent Balkan Wars contexts of military peace-building, and which have recognised that sustainable appeasement cannot happen without a culturally-sensitive understanding of, and an engagement with, local concerns. Consequently, there will be a grass-roots emphasis on both the victims' and perpetrators' grievances; on the repercussions of specifically targeted, strategic ‘sociocide'; on the role of both private and collective memory as well as the ‘politics of memory' regarding violence and peace-making. Furthermore, in order to foster a practical understanding of reconciliation theory there will be a ‘fish-bowl' reconciliation simulation exercise.

 

The course will conclude with exploring whether and how an applied bottom-up perspective and cultural sensitivity can, or could have, enhanced better outcomes of the international efforts regarding both post-socialist reconstruction and post-war peace-building in Eastern Europe.

Week 1

 1.  Introduction: Social/Cultural Anthropology

 

General course introduction

Discussion of individual course motivations

Discussion of course topics.

Discussion of course evaluation.

Distribution of reading assignments.

 

Lecture

·        What is social/ cultural anthropology?

·        What is this discipline's subject?

·        What is specific to the anthropological approach and method?

·        What is its subject, both traditionally and today?

·        How can we talk and write about ‘culture' without culturalist reductionism/essentialism?

·        What is specific about the ‘Anthropology of Eastern Europe'?

 

 2.  Ethnographic case study (northern Albania)

 

Film, MGD

·        How did the north Albanian villagers experience the system change?

·        What specific problems did the villagers have to deal with after the break-down of the previous regime?

·        How did they cope and what answers did they find?

·        What (pool of) knowledge informed their answers and coping strategies?

·        How and why did they shift their responses to the new situation?

·        What different interest groups can be identified, and how do these promote their interests?

·        Are the villagers ‘shackled by traditions of violence' or what other factors can be identified to be at the roots of their recourse to pre-communist local knowledge?

·        Is there a difference between ‘tradition' and ‘cultural continuity'? Under what conditions do pre-socialist past and ‘traditions' become significant in contemporary everyday practices?

·        In what sense does this documentary film represent a classic ethnography?

 

 

Backer, Berit 1991, ‘The Albanians of Rrogam', Disappearing World, BBC: Granada Films [incl. Film information materials]

 

De Waal, Clarissa 1996,‘Decollectivisation and total scarcity in high Albania', in: Ray Abrahams, After Socialism: Land reform and social change in Eastern Europe, Providence – Oxford: Berghahn, pp. 169 – 192. [Albania]

 

Kretsi, Georgia 2007, ‘”Good and Bad Biography”: The Concept of Family Liability in the Practice of State Domination in Socialist Albania', in: Ulf Brunnbauer, Andreas Helmedach and Stefan Troebst (eds), Schnittstellen: Gesellschaft, Nation, Konflikt und Erinnerung in Südosteurop, Festschrift für Holm Sundhaussen zum 65. Geburtstag, Munich: Oldenbourg Verlag, pp. 175 – 188.

 

Schwandner-Sievers, Stephanie 2004, ‘Times Past: References for the Construction of Local Order in Present-Day Albania', in: Maria Todorova (ed), Balkan Identities: Nation and Memory, London: Hurst, pp. 103 – 128.

  

 3. Anthropology-  East & West

 

Lecture, MGD, simulation of E – W disciplinary debate*

·        What is the Anthropology of Eastern Europe?

·        Why studying the Anthropology of Postsocialism?

·        What topics, themes and academic problem are posed by the Anthropology of Postsocialism?

·        What is the anthropological critique on the concept of ‘transition'?

·        Is ‘postsocialism' a useful term, and what does it imply?

·        How has the anthropology of postsocialism changed since the 1990s and where is it going?

·        Why and when has Anglo-Saxon anthropological interest shifted to post-socialist societies?

·        Was there an outside anthropological interest in communist societies before?

·        Have, and how can, post-colonial studies inform the study of postsocialist societies?

·        What is the major interest of Anglo-Saxon anthropology of postsocialism?

·        Is there a difference in orientation between the Anglo-Saxon anthropology of EE and Russia?

·        What legacy of social/cultural anthropology as a discipline is there in EE?

·        How, if at all, has the discipline been politically differently contextualised in East and West during times of the ‘Iron Wall'?

·        What challenges did transition bring to the discipline in EE and how were these perceived?

·        Is there a hegemonic discourse in the international anthropology of post-socialism today?

·        Is there communication or ‘reconciliation' between ‘native' and ‘foreign' anthropologists?

·        What are the advantages/disadvantages of being a ‘native' or a ‘foreign' anthropologist today?

 

Jakubowska, Longina 1993, ‘Writing about Eastern Europe: Perspectives from ethnography and anthropology', in: Henk Driessen (ed.), The Politics of Ethnographic Reading and Writing, Saarbruecken/ Fort Lauderdale: Breitenbach, pp. 143 – 159. 

 

*Hann, Chris 2007, ‘Reconciling anthropologies', Anthropology Today 23/6, pp. 17 – 19.

 

*Tishkov, Valery 1998, ‘U.S. and Russian anthropology: unequal dialogue in a time of transition', Current Anthropology 39/1, pp. 1 – 17 [Russia].

 

Boskovic, Aleksandar 2005, ‘Distinguishing “self' and “other”. Anthropology and national identity in former Yugoslavia'. Anthropology Today 21/2, pp. 8 – 13 [Serbia/YU].

Halpern, Joel M. And David A. Kideckel, ‘Anthropology of Eastern Europe', Annual Review of Anthropology 12, pp. 377 – 402.

 

Godina, Vesna V. 2002, ‘From ethnology to anthropology and back again: negotiating the boundaries of ethnology and anthropology in postsocialist European countries', in: Peter Skalník (ed.), A post-communist millennium: the struggles for sociocultural anthropology in Central and Eastern Europe (= Prague Studies in Sociocultural Anthropology 2). Prague: Set Out, pp. 1 – 22. [Slovenia/YU]

Hann, Chris, Caroline Humphrey and Katherine Verdery 2002, ‘Introduction: postsocialism as a topic of anthropological investigation', in: C. Hann (ed.), Postsocialism: Ideals, ideologies and practices in Eurasia. London: Routledge, pp. 1 – 28.

 

Phillips, Sarah 2005. ‘Postsocialism, Governmentality and Subjectivity: an introduction'. Ethnos 70/04, pp. 437 – 442.

 

Wolfe, Thomas C. 2000, ‘Cultures and Communities in the Anthropology of Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union', Annual Review of Anthropology 29, pp. 195 – 216.

 

4.  Changing Property Regimes and conflict

 

Presentations (choice), MGD

·        Why are anthropologists so concerned with rural developments?

·        What can rural developments tell us about changes in society at large?

·        In what ways has the de-collectivisation process promoted social change?

·        What does Katherine Verdery's mean by the ‘elasticity' of land or the ‘fuzziness' of property?

·        What do we mean by ‘property'? What different concepts of ‘property' have clashed in the transition process and what values have been re-defined?

·        How can a culturally specific concept of ‘property' inform rights, entitlements and claims?

·        How can such claims explain traditionalism? How can they become ethnicist?

·        Have new elites emerged out of the de-collectivisation process?

 

 

Verdery, Katherine, 2003, The Vanishing Hectare: Property and value in postsocialist Transylvania, Ithaca – London: Cornell University Press (chapter 4).

 

Kaneff, Deema 1998, ‘When “land” becomes “territory”: Land privatisation and ethnicity in rural Bulgaria', in: S. Bridger and F. Pine (eds), Surviving postsocialism: Local strategies and regional responses in eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union, London – New York: Routledge, pp. 16 – 32. [Bulgaria]

 

Lampland, Marta 2002, ‘The Advantages of Being Collectivised: Cooperative Farm Managers in the Postsocialist Economy', in: Hann, Chris (ed.), Postsocialism: Ideals, ideologies and practices in Eurasia. London: Routledge 2002, pp. 31 – 55. [Hungary]

 

Cartwright, Andrew 2003, ‘Private farming in Romania: what are the old people going to do with their land?', in: C. Hann (ed.), The postsocialist agrarian question: property relations and the rural condition, Münster: Lit Verlag, pp. 171 – 188. [Romania]

 

5.  Remembering Socialism

 

Presentations (choice), MGD

·        What is the difference between ‘memory', ‘legacy', ‘history', ‘folklore' and ‘tradition'?

·        What do people miss of every-day life and culture under socialism?

·        Is there a gap between the official and an unofficial memory?

·        What past culture(s) do people, scholars and politics disassociate themselves from?

·        What is the difference between private and public memories?

·        How can private and social memories become socially or politically instrumentalised?

·        How have the political uses of memories, myths and rites changed with the regime changes?

·        How have the symbolic structures of professional and political authority been transformed?

·        How does memory shape perceptions of ‘progress' and ‘modernity' within a both postsocialist and globalised world?

·        What are the causes, cultural expressions and effects of nostalgia for socialist times?

 

 

Boym, Svetlana 2001, The Future of Nostalgia, New York: Basic Books (introduction & chapter 5).

Bringa, Tone 2004, ‘The Peaceful Death of Tito and the violent end of Yugoslavia', in: John Borneman (ed), Death of the Father: An Anthropology of the End in Political Authority, Oxford – New York, pp. 148 – 200. [YU]

Cash, Jenniver, ‘After the Folkloric Movement: Traditional Life in Postsocialist Moldova', AEER 20/2 (2002).

 

Kaneff, Deema, ‘Negotiating the past in postsocialist Bulgaria', Ethnologia Balkanica 2, 1998, pp. 31 – 45. [Bulgaria]

 

Koleva, Daniela 2007, ‘The Memory of Socialist Public Holidays: Between Colonization and Autonomy', in: Ulf Brunnbauer and Stefan Troebst (eds), Zwischen Amnesie und Nostalgie: Die Erinnerung and den Kommunismus in Südosteuropa, Vienna: Böhlau, pp. 185 – 198. [Bulgaria]

 

Langenohl, Andreas, ‘Public Memory in Russia: How transnational is it?' in, Rachael Stryker and

 

Velikonja, Mitja, 2008, Red Shades: Nostalgia for Socialism as an Element of Cultural Pluralism in Slovenian Transition. Journal for Slovene Studies 30/2 (forthcoming). [Slovenia]

           

Vukov, Nikolai 2007, ‘Refigured Memories, Unchanged Representations: Post-Socialist Monumental Discourse in Bulgaria, Brunnbauer and Troebst (eds), Zwischen Amnesie und Nostalgie …, pp. 71 -111. [Bulgaria]

 

Week 2

 

6. Anthropology of Development and Civil Society

 

Presentations (choice), MGD

·        How has globalisation and international intervention shaped post-socialist experiences? How is globalisation negotiated locally? Does the local re-affirm itself in the face of globalisation processes? Has the transition process produced cultures of resistance? What sources and reasons are there for such resistance cultures?

·        What is the anthropological critique of ‘development' and of ‘civil society' as a concept? How has the concept of ‘progress' both ethnographically and locally be challenged?

·        Did ‘civil society' exist under Socialism, or was ‘civil society' alien to the former socialist states? How has the concept of ‘civil society' been promoted and/or changed in post-socialist EE and fSU? Is there a specific socialist trajectory of ‘civil society'? How has the ‘import' of ‘civil society' been locally perceived and shifted meaning?

·        Who staffs the civil society sector in post-socialist countries today? What happens to local staff in the long run? Who has locally profited from the new ‘civil society' ‘industry'?

·        What were the unintended consequences of outside-induced civil society projects?

 

 

Mandel, Ruth 2002, ‘Seeding Civil Society', in: Chris Hann (ed.), Postsocialism. Ideals, ideologies and practices in Eurasia. London: Routledge, pp. 279 – 296.

 

Sampson, Steven 2002, ‘Beyond transition: Rethinking elite configurations in the Balkans', in: Hann, Chris (ed), Postsocialism. Ideals, ideologies and practices in Eurasia. London: Routledge, pp. 296 -316.

 

Aplenc, Veronica 2001, ‘Local Politics, Personal Emotions: Support for Civic Action in Slovenia', in: Stryker, Rachael and Jennifer Patico (eds). The Paradoxes of Progress: Globalization and Postsocialist Cultures, Kroeber Anthropological Society Papers 86, pp. 37 - 46. [Slovenia]

 

Buchowski, Michael 1996, ‘The shifting meaning of civil and civic society in Poland', in: Chris Hann and Elizabeth Dunn, Civil Society: Challenging western models, London – New York: Routledge, pp. 79 -98. [Poland]

 

Rethmann, Petra, ‘in the Time of the Lizard: On indigenous Problems, Post-Colonialism, and Democracy', in: AEER 16/2 (1999). [on Koriak identity shifts in Russia]

 

Sampson, Steven 2003, ‘From kanun to capacity-building: The “internationals”, civil society development and security in the Balkans', in: Peter Siani-Davies (ed.), International Intervention in the Balkans since 1995, London: Routledge, pp. 136 – 157. [Kosovo]

 

Todorova, Maria 2007, ‘Was there civil society and a public sphere under socialism? The debates around Vasil Levski's alleged reburial in Bulgaria', in: U. Brunnbauer et al. (eds), Schnittstellen: Gesellschaft, Nation, Konflikt und Erinnerung in Südosteurop, Festschrift für Holm Sundhaussen zum 65. Geburtstag, Munich: Oldenbourg Verlag, pp. 162 – 174. [Bulgaria]

 

7. Social Change and Gender

 

Presentations (choice), MGD

What can the study of gender tell about social change?

How did family, kinship and gender role change from pre- to postsocialism?

How does the negotiaton of gender relate to the reconfiguration of public and private spaces in post-socialist societies?

How are economic insecurities related to a revival of patriarchalist attitudes?

Is the ‘double burden' a socialist or post-socialist phenomenon?

How and in what context have socialist and post-socialist states controlled reproduction?

Has poverty been feminised?

Has post-socialist transition only disadvantaged women?

 

 

Barbara Einhorn 1993, ‘”The Woman Question”: The Legacy of State Socialism', (chapter 1 in: B Einhorn, Cinderella Goes to Market: Citizenship, Gender and Women's Movements in East Central Europe. London - NY: Verso, pp. 17 – 38).

 

Fodor, Eva (in cooperation with Lilla Vicsek) 2006, ‘A Different Type of Gender Gap: How Women and Men Experience Poverty', East European Politics and Societies 20/1, pp. 14 – 39.

 

Pine, Frances 2002, ‘Retreat to the household? Gendered domains in postsocialist Poland', in: Hann, Chris (ed), Postsocialism. Ideals, ideologies and practices in Eurasia. London: Routledge, pp. 95 – 113. [Poland]

 

Marody, Mira an Anna Giza-Poleszczuk 2000, ‘Changing Images of Identity in Poland: From the Self-Sacrificing to the Self-Investing Woman?', in S Gal and G Kligman, Reproducing Gender …, pp. 151 – 175. [Poland]

 

Kovacs, Katalin and Monika Varadi 2000, ‘Women's Life Trajectories and Class Formation in Hungary', in S Gal and G Kligman, Reproducing Gender …, pp. 176 – 199. [Hungary]

 

Szalai, Julia 2000, ‘From Informal Labor to Paid Occupations: Marketization from below in Hungarian Womens' Work', in S Gal and G Kligman, Reproducing Gender …, pp. 200 – 224. [Hungary]

 

Verdery, Katherine 1996, ‘From Parent-State to Family Patriarchs: Gender and Nation in Contemporary Eastern Europe', (chapter 3 in K. Verdery, What Was Socialism and What Comes Next? Princeton University Press) [Romania]

   

8.  Ethnographies of Consumption

 

Presentations (choice), MGD

·        What socialist patterns of consumption differ from post-socialist ones? How have patterns of consumption shifted with post-socialist changes?

·        Has any ‘socialist legacy' survived in post-socialist, everyday economies?

·        How has post-socialist marketization been experienced in everyday-lives?

·        How has marketization contributed to changes in values and mores? Can the so-called ‘market shock' explain changing moralities?

·        How have globalisation processes affected every-day economies in post-socialist countries?

·        How have altered patterns of consumption informed post-socialist prestige economies?

·        How have new forms of consumption informed the emergence of new elites?

 

Patico, Jenifer and Melissa L. Caldwell 2002, ‘Consumers Exiting Socialism: Ethnographic Perspectives on Daily Life in Post-Communist Europe', Ethnos 67/3, pp. 285 – 294.

 

Luthar, Breda 2007, ‘For the Love of the Goods: The Politics of Consumption in Socialism', in: Brunnbauer and Troebst (eds), Zwischen Amnesie und Nostalgie …, pp. 164 - 184. [Slovenia]

 

Caldwell, Melissa 2002, ‘The Taste of Nationalism: Food Politics in Postsocialist Moscow', Ethnos 67/3, pp. 295 - 319. [Russia]

 

Dunn, Elizabeth 1999, ‘Slick Salesmen and Simple People: Negotiated Capitalism in a Privatized Polish Firm', in: Burowoy, Michael and K. Verdery (eds), Uncertain Transition: Ethnographies of Change in the Postsocialist World. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, pp. 1125 – 150. [Poland]

 

Fehérváry, Krisztina 2002, ‘American Kitchens, Luxury Bathrooms, and the Search for a 'Normal' Life in Postsocialist Hungary', Ethnos 67/3, pp. 369 - 400. [Hungary]

 

Humphrey, Caroline 2002, ‘The Villas of the “New Russians”: A Sketch of Consumption and cultural Identity in Post-Soviet Landscapes', chapter 9 in: ibidem, The Unmaking of Soviet Life: Everyday economies after socialism. Ithaca – London: Cornell University Press, pp. 175 – 201. [Russia]

 

Pine, Francis 2002, ‘Dealing with Money: Zlotys, Dollars and Other Currrencies in the Polish Highlands', in: Mandel, R. and C. Humphrey (eds), Markets and Moralities: Ethnographies of Postsocialism, Oxford – New York: Berg, pp. 75 – 97. [Poland]

 

Wanner, Catherine, ‘Money, Morality and New Forms of Exchange in Postsocialist Ukraine', Ethnos 70/4 (2005), pp. 515 - 537. [Ukraine]

 

 9. Informal Markets and Entrepreneurs

 

Presentations (choice), MGD

·        Why have barter and gift exchange acquired, or remained of, such high significance in many post-socialist local economies?

·        How specific is ‘organised crime' and ‘corruption' to post-socialism?

·        To what extent can it be regarded as a legacy of socialism – to what extend a response to globalisation?

·        How can conflicting perceptions regarding ‘legitimacy' and ‘legality' be related to the change of political systems?

·        In what context are social practices perceived as morally ‘legitimate' that are ‘illegal' according to state law?

·        How can concepts such as ‘bribery', ‘crime', ‘corruption' be rethought, anthropologically?

·        What are the limits to relativism when it comes to crime?

 

 

Humphrey, Caroline 2002, The unmaking of Soviet life: everyday economies after Socialism, Ithaca – London: Cornell University Press. (chapter 6: ‘Rethinking bribery in contemporary Russia')

 

Patico, Jenifer 2002, ‘Chocolate and Cognac: Gifts, and the Recognition of Social Worlds in Post-Soviet Russia, Ethnos 67/3, pp. 345 – 368. [Russia]

 

Koehler, Jan 1999, ‘The School of the Street: Organising Diversity and Training Polytaxis in a (Post-)Soviet Periphery', AEER 17/2. [Russia/ Georgia] [web]

 

Ivanova, Radost 1997, ‘Valiant Young Men, Wrestlers, Bodyguards, Thugs … The Hero in the Bulgarian Daily Press', Ethnologia Balkanica 1, pp. 156 – 172. [Bulgaria]

 

Nadkarni, Maya 2000, ‘The “Whisky Robber”: Criminality as a Moral Discourse in post-'89 Hungary', AEER 18/1. [Hungary] [web]

 

Ssorin-Chaikov, Nikolai 2000, ‘ Bear skins and makaroni: the social life of things at the margins of a Siberian state collective', in: Seabright, Paul (ed), The Vanishing Rubel: Barter networks and Non-Monetary Transactions in Post-Soviet Societies, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 345 – 362. [Siberia]

 

Sneath, David 2006, ‘Transacting and enacting: Corruption, obligation and the use of monies in Mongolia', Ethnos 71/1, pp. 89 – 112. [Mongolia]

 

10. Religion and Religiosity after Socialism

 

Presentations (choice), MGD

·        What is specific to religion after socialism? What socio-psychological functions has it served?

·        Was socialism truly secular, or did religion survive in private realms?

·        Does the socialist legacy of secularisation, ‘scientific atheism' and repression explain the forms that post-socialist religiosity has taken?

·        What is the place of religion after more than a decade of postsocialist transition in society?

·        How is religion mobilized in the public sphere today, in order to support assertions of ethnic identity and the building of nations and states? (Hann 2006)

·        What are the sources and vehicles of escapist and millenarist practices and faiths in post-socialism?

·        How can ‘new age-ism' ethnographically be explained?

·        What has been the impact of external influences and missionising efforts, including pressures to implement religious human rights as well as the modernist, `universalizing' of faiths, both Christian and Muslim? (Hann 2006)

 

 

Potrata, Barbara 2004, ‘New Age, socialism and other millenarianisms: affirming and struggling with (post)socialism', Religion, State & Society 32/4, pp. 365 – 379.

 

Buzalka, Juraj 2005, ‘Religious Populism? Some Reflections on Politics in Post-Socialist South-East Poland', Slovak Foreign Policy Affairs, pp. 75 – 84. [Poland]

 

Caldwell, Melissa 2005, ‘A New Role for Religion in Russia's New Consumer Age: the Case of Moscow', Religion, State & Society 33/1, pp. 19 – 34. [Russia]

 

*Hann, Chris 2006, ‘Faith, Power and Civility after Socialism', introduction in, C Hann (ed.), The Post-socialist Religious Question: Faith and Power in Central Asia and East-Central Europe, Lit, pp. 1 – 26.

*Leutloff-Grandits, Carolin 2004, ‘Religious celebrations and the (re)creation of communities in post-war Knin, Croatia, in: Frances Pine (ed.), Memory, politics and religion, Münster: Lit Verlag, pp. 229 – 254. [Croatia]

Klekot, Ewa 2007, ‘Mouring John Paul II in the streets of Warsaw', Anthropology Today 23/4, pp. 2 – 6. [Poland]

 

Lindquist, Galina, ‘Breaking the Waves: Voodoo magic in the Russian Cultural Ecumene', in: R. Stryker and Jennifer Patico (eds) 2001. The Paradoxes of Progress: Globalization and Postsocialist Cultures, Kroeber Anthropological Society Papers 86, pp. 93 - 112.

 

Zanca, Russell 2005, ‘Believing in God at Your Own Risk: Religion and Terrorism in Usbekistan', Religion, State & Society 33/1, pp. 71 – 82. [Usbekistan]

                               

*Rogers, Douglas 2005, ‘Introductory Essay: The Anthropology of Religion after Socialism', Religion, State & Society 33/1, pp. 5 – 18.

 

MID-COURSE ORAL EXAMINATONS

 

 Week 3

 

11. Introduction to Module II: Anthropology of Conflict, Violence and Reconciliation in SEE

 

Lecture/selected film footage

·        What is the Anthropology of Violence and how does it relate to the Anthropology of Eastern Europe

·        How can we look at violence anywhere without it being voyeuristic and stereotyping?

·        What is the difference between conflict, violence and aggression?

·        What is ‘ethnic violence'?

·        How do anthropology, psychology, sociology, history, political sciences etc. explain the root causes of violence in different ways?

·        In what academic disciplines has ethnic violence become associated with the Balkans, and when and why?

·        What universal causes of violence can be identified?

·        What is the ‘violence continuum'; the ‘triangle of violence'; the ‘banality of evil'?

·        Is inter-ethnic violence part of a ‘violence continuum'? Does violence perpetuate itself (‘cycles of violence')?

·        What are the ‘monopoly of force', and can ‘weak state theories' explain violence?

·        What is the difference between culturalist and other methodologies of explaining ethnic violence? Is their focus on internal or external factors that account for violence?

·        Can anyone of us be violent? Under what circumstances and in what context?

·        What do the ‘Stanford experiment' and the Milgram experiment tell us about universal causes of violence?

·        Is violence always destructive or senseless, or in what way (or for whom) can it be constructive, or make sense?

 

Woodward, L. Susan, ‘Violence-Prone Area or International Transition?: Adding the Role of Outsiders in Balkan Violence.' (Das et al. 2000: 19 – 45).

 

Ahrend, Hannah 1969, ‘On violence' (ch. 1: 35-56; reprinted in anthology of Scheper-Hughes and Bourgois 2004: 236 - 243).

 

Blok, Anton 2000. ‘The enigma of senseless violence' (Aijmer and Abbink 2000: 23 - 38).

 

Bowman, Glenn 2001, ‘The violence in identity', ( Schröder and Schmidt 2001: 25 – 46).

 

Brubaker, Rogers and David D. Laitin 1998, ‘Ethnic and Nationalist Violence' Annual Reviews Sociology 24: 423 – 452.

 

Colson, Elisabeth 2007, ‘Introduction: Teh Practice of War', in: Rao, Arpana, Michael Bollig and Monika Böck (eds), The Practice of War: Production, Reproduction and communication of Armed Violence. Oxford – New York: Berghahn.

 

Riches, David 1986, ‘The Phenomenon of Violence' (D. Riches 1986: 1 - 27).

 

Scheper-Hughes, Nancy and Philippe Bourgois 2004, ‘Introduction: Making Sense of Violence' (Scheper-Huges and Bourgois 2004: 1 – 31).

 

Schröder, Ingo W. and Bettina E. Schmidt 2001, ‘Introduction: Violent imaginaries and violent practices' (Schröder and Schmidt 2001: 1 – 24)

 

Stewart, Pamela J. and Andrew Strathern, ‘Violence as a Construct', (Stewart and Strathern 2002, ch. 1: 1 – 14.)

 

Zimbardo, Philip G. 1971, The Stanford Experience. Documentary film. http://www.prisonexp.org/

 

12. Balkanism

Presentations (choice), MGD

·        Are the Balkans particularly prone to violence or is this a stereotype?

·        Can we look at conflict and violence in the Balkans without reproducing stereotypes, and if so, how?

·        What effects may stereotyping discourses have on structures, practices and actions?

·        Can violence become a ‘self-fulfilling prophecy'?

·        What is ‘Balkanism'? What is ‘essentialism'? How can an imagery have an effect on policy?

·        How does Balkanism organise views on responsibility for violence?

·        How have Western stereotypes been reflected in the region?

·        Where is Balkanism located? Is it exclusive to the West?

·        What outside factors and causes of violence does Balkanism possibly conceal?

·        What is the history of the identification of the Balkans in terms of violence, and has the debate shifted?

 

Todorova, Maria 1994: “The Balkans: from discovery to invention”, in: Slavic Review, 53 (2): 453 – 482 [with excerpts from Robert Kaplan's 1993 Balkan Ghosts].

 

Bakic-Hayden, Milica 1995: “Nesting Orientalism: The case of Former Yugoslavia”, in: Slavic Review 54 (4), 917 - 931.

 

Brown, Keith & Dimitiros Theodossopoulos 2004, ‘Other's Others: Talking about stereotypes and constructions of otherness in Southeast Europe', History and Anthropology 15/1: 3 – 14.

 

Kuusisto, Riikka 2004, ‘Savage Tribes and Mystic Feuds: Western Foreign Policy Statement on Bosnia in the Early 1990s' (Hammond: 169 - 183).

 

Neofotistos, Vasiliki P. 2004, ‘Beyond Stereotypes: Violence and the Porousness of Ethnic Boundaries in the Republic of Macedonia', History and Anthropology 15/1: 47 – 67.

 

Schwandner-Sievers, Stephanie 2004, ‘Albanians, Albanianism and the Strategic Subversion of Stereotypes', (Hammond: 110 - 126).

 

Theodossopoulos, Dimitrios 2003, ‘Degrading Others and honouring ourselves: Ethnic stereotypes as categories and as explanation, Journal of Mediterranean Studies 13/2: 177 – 188.

 

13. Sociocide

 

Presentations (choice), film

·        What is ‘sociocide' in contrast to ‘genocide'?

·        How was enmity being engineered, social fission provoked?

·        How modern was violence during the recent Balkan wars?

·        How was violence organised as franchise?

·        What are disambiguation processes?

·        How does the experience of war and violence affect the permeability of ethnic boundaries?

·        How can former friends and neighbours become enemies?

·        How can the destructions of monuments or the violation of material heritage contribute to disambiguation?

·        How fixed or fluid are ethnic boundaries in SEE historically?

·        How is growing social insecurity experienced, and what effects does it have?

·        In the Bosnian case, what role did the particular techniques of war and the ‘culture of fear' in everyday-life play in producing disambiguation?

 

 

Sorabji, Cornelia - 1995: “A Very Modern War: Terror and Territory in Bosnia-Herzegovina”, in: Robert A. Hinde & Helen E. Watson (eds), War, a Cruel Necessity? The Bases of Institutionalized Violence. London: Tauris, pp. 80 - 95.

 

Bringa, Tone 1993: We are all Neighbors. (Granada Television: War Trilogy, Bosnia/ series: Disappearing Worlds).

 

Jansen, Stef 2003, ‘”Why do they hate us?” Everyday Serbian nationalist knowledge of Muslim Hatred', Journal of Mediterranean Studies 13/2: 215 – 237.

 

Maček, Ivana 2007: ‘”Imitation of Life”: Negotiating Normality in Sarajevo under Siege', (Bougarel, Helms, Duijzings, chapter 1).

 

Povrzanovic, Maja 1993, ‘Culture and Fear: Everydaylife in wartime' (Feldman et al. 1993: 119 – 150).

 

 14. Gendered warfare

Presentations (choice), MGD

·        In what ways has ethnic differences been constructed in terms of gender?

·        What symbolic messages are conveyed by stories of masculinity and effeminisation (for example, through rape of either gender)?

·        Can we make an equation between masculinity and violence? Are men always perpetrators and women always victims?

·        What role have women played in war?

·        How was victimisation gendered?

·        How has rape functioned as an ‘effective technique of war'?

·        What are the social and cultural effects of war rape?

·        Does talking about rape amount to the re-victimisation of the victims?

·        What are the societal long-term effects of war rape?

·        Are war rape and post-war problems such as human trafficking and domestic violence related? If so, in what ways?

   

Jones, Adam 1994: ‘Gender and ethnic conflict in ex-Yugoslavia', in: Ethnic and Racial Studies 17/1, 115 – 134.

 

Bracewell, Wendy 2000: “Rape in Kosovo: masculinity and Serbian nationalism”, Nations and Nationalism 6/4: 563 - 590.

 

Jambresic-Kirin, Renata 2002: ‘Women Partisans as Willing Executioners in Croatian Popular Memory of the 1990s', (in Resic/Toernquist-Plewa 2002: 83 - 112).

 

Oosterveld, Valerie 2005: ‘Prosecution of Gender-Based Crimes in International Law'. (Gender, Conflict, and Peacekeeping 2005: 67 - 82)

 

Seifert, Ruth 1994, ‘War and Rape: A Preliminary Analysis', in: Alexandra Stiglmayer (ed.), The War against Women in Bosnia-Herzegovina, Lincoln – London: University of Nebraska/bison books: 54 – 72.

 

Sofos, Spyros A. 1996: ‘Interethnic violence and gendered construction of ethnicity in former Yugoslavia', Social Identities 2/1: 73 – 92.

 

Vandenberg, Martina 2005: ‘Peacekeeping, Alphabet Soup, and violence against Women in the Balkans'.  (Gender, Conflict, and Peacekeeping 2005: 150 - 167)

 

 15. Perpetrators and Traditionalism

 

Presentations (choice), MGD, film

·        In what ways has self-essentialisation contributed to the justification of violence?

·        What are honour culture, revenge, feuding, banditry, tribalism, gun culture -- Balkan tradition? Stereotypical tropes? Rhetorical means to justify violence? Means or ends to violence? Human universals? Cultural resources of informal social organisation? Tropes of self-essentialisation? Instruments of resistance to weak, or strong and alien, states? Symptoms of urban-rural gaps in culture? 

·        What political purposes can ‘tradition' serve? How can traditionalism become part of nationalist identity politics?

·        What new roles have local traditions acquired with globalisation processes?

·        With recent war, have local traditions been modernised, brutalised, become terrorism, new nationalism, war-lordism, criminalised?

·        How can local tradition challenge democratic notions of justice, law, legality, legitimacy and morality?

·        Have football rituals helped channel and contain, or foster, violence? Have the Yugoslav wars started in football stadions? How have football holigans instrumentalised tradition?

·        Should and can tradition or culture be taken into account in outside intervention? Can it be ignored? In explaining violence? As a source for reconciliation? If so, how?

 

 

Bougarel, Xavier 1999, ‘Yugoslav Wars: The “Revenge of the Countryside”: Between Sociological Reality and Nationalist Myth', East European Quarterly, xxxiii/2: 157 – 175.

 

Bax, Mart 2000, ‘Barbarization in a Bosnian Pilgrimage Center', (Halpern and David. A Kideckel 2000: 187 – 202).

 

Colovic, Ivan 2002, ‘Who Owns the Gusle? : a contribution to Research on the Political History of a Balkan Musical Instrument' (in Resic/Toernquist-Plewa 2002: 59 – 81.)

 

Colovic, Ivan 2002, ‘Football, Hooligans and War' (Colovic 2002: chapter IV: 259 – 286).

 

Naumovic, Slobodan 1999, ‘Instrumentalised Tradition: traditionalist rhetoric, nationalism and political transition in Serbia, 1987 – 1990', in: Miroslav Jovanovic, Karl Kaser, Slobodan Naumovic (eds), Between the archives and the field: a dialogue on historical anthropology of the Balkans, Belgrade – Graz: Institut für Geschichte der Universität Graz: 179 – 218.

 

Schwandner-Sievers, Stephanie 1999: ‘Humiliation and Reconciliation in Northern Albania: The Logics of Feuding in Symbolic and Diachronic Perspectives,' in: Elwert, Georg et. al: Dynamics of Violence. Processes of Escalation and De-escalation of Violent Group Conflicts (= Sociologus supplement 1), Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 133 - 152.

 

Pawlikowski, Paul (producer) 1993, Serbian Epics, documentary film (BBC bookmark production).

 

Zanic, Ivo 2002, ‘South Slav Traditional Culture as a Means to Political Legitimization' (in Resic/Toernquist-Plewa 2002: 45 - 58)

Week 4

 

16 & 17 Reconciliation in Theory and Practice

 

Fishbowl simulation exercise, MGD

·        How does reconciliation theory translate from theory into practice?

·        What are the pre-conditions for reconciliation; and what are its core elements?

·        How important is perceived justice as a pre-condition of reconciliation?

·        What is the difference between retributive and restorative justice?

·        Can there be interethnic healing (or reconciliation) through internationally administered justice, the ICTY, truth commissions etc.? Would truth and reconciliation commissions have been the right option for the SEE cases?

·        What models of reconciliation are known in Peace Studies' theories?

·        What is the role of the local civil society sector in reconciliation?

·        Can we speak of a ‘reconciliation industry'? Is reconciliation in practice donor-dependant?

·        Are there more than two adversary sides to any conflict? How can we ‘de-collectivise' adversary group identities?

·        Does reconciliation in practice deal differently with perpetrators and victims respectively?

 

 

Lederach, John Paul 2005, ‘Civil Society and Reconciliation' (Turbulent Peace 2005, chapter 49)

 

Montville, Joseph 1993: ‘The Healing Function in Political Conflict Resolution', in: Conflict Resolution Theory and Practice: Integration and Application, ed. by Dennis Sandole and Hugo van der Merwe, Manchester: Manchester UP.

 

Fish-bowl simulation game materials

 

Hauss, Charles 2003, Reconciliation, http://www.beyondintractability.org/m/reconciliation.jsp.

 

IDEAS (2003) [selected chapters]

 

Galtung, Johan [no date], After Violence: 3R: Reconstruction, Reconciliation, Resolution, http://www.transcend.org/TRRECBAS.HTM.

 

Clark, Howard 2002, Kosovo: Work in Progress: Closing the Cycle of Violence, Coventry: University of Coventry, Centre of the Study of Forgiveness and Reconciliation.

 

Humphrey, Michael 2000, ‘From Terror to Trauma: Commissioning Truth for National Reconciliation', Social Identities 6/1: 7 – 27.

 

Popovski, Vesselin 2000: ‘The international criminal courts: a synthesis of retributive and restorative justice', International Relations 15/3: 1 – 15.

 

18. ‘Violated memories' and options for reconciliation

 

Presentations (choice), MGD

 

·        How does memory and commemoration of war and genocide affect the options for reconciliation?

·        How is war memory socio-psychologically conditioned? How have grass-root grievances an effect on politics?

·        How has collective memory as identity politics been engineered from above?

·        Has silencing or suppression of memories of violence helped avoid, or promoted, the outbreaks of violence in former Yugoslavia?

·        What forms does history construction take after war and genocide? How is it politically manipulated?

·        Can there be history without martyrs and myth?

·        How can history and debate become opened-up beyond one monolithic narrative?

 

 

Denich, Bette 1994, ‘Dismembering Yugoslavia: Nationalist Ideologies and the Symbolic Revival of Genocide', American Ethnologist 21: 367 – 90.

 

Bax, Mart 1997, ‘Mass Graves, Stagnating Identification, and Violence: A Case Study in the Local Sources of “The War” in Bosnia Herzegovina', in: Anthropological Quarterly, 70/1: 11-19.

 

Bougarel, Xavier 2007, ‘Death and the Nationalist: Martyrdom, War Memory and Veteran Identity among Bosnian Muslims', (Bougarel, Helms, Duijzings, chapter 7).

 

Duijzings, Ger 2007, ‘Commemorating Srebrenica: Histories of Violence and the Politics of Memory in Eastern Bosnia' (Bougarel, Helms, Duijzings, chapter 6).

 

Di Lellio, Anna and Schwandner-Sievers, Stephanie 2006, ‘‘The Legendary Commander: The construction of an Albanian  master-narrative in post-war Kosovo' in: Nations and Nationalism vol. 12, no. 3 (July), pp. 513 – 529.

 

Hayden, Robert M. 1994. "Recounting the Dead. The Rediscovery and Redefinition of Wartime Massacres in Late- and Post-Communist Yugoslavia", in: Rubie S. Watson (ed), Memory, History, and Opposition under State Socialism. Santa Fe: School of American Research Press, pp. 167-201.

 

Jansen, Stef 2007, ‘Remembering with a Difference: Clashing Memories of Bosnian Conflict in Everyday Life' (Bougarel, Helms, Duijzings, chapter 8).

 

Van de Port, Mattijs 1999, ‘”It Takes a Serb to Know a Serb': Uncovering the roots of obstinate otherness in Serbia', Critique of Anthropology 19/1: 7 – 30.

 

19. Trauma and socio-psychological intervention

 

Presentations (choice), MGD

 

·        What is ‘trauma'?

·        Is suffering psychological conditioned, or culturally, or socially, constructed?

·        What are the international paradigms of trauma intervention?

·        Can individual counselling help where there is a social demand for silence?

·        How does traumatic experience lock into memory when it is not spoken about?

·        Can, or should, victims and perpetrators be differentiated in addressing trauma?

·        Are international interventions sensitive to local experience of sociocide?

·        What is ‘social healing'?

·        Should psycho-social intervention take ‘culture' into account? How is this done?

·        What are the possible social and cultural consequences of psycho-social intervention?

·        Are there indigenous forms of healing that are not based on individualist paradigms and therapeutic counselling?

·        Can the focus on state and power of the economic, historical and political approaches be reconciled with anthropologist or social psychologist approaches to identity, violence and conflict in SEE?

 

Pupavac, Vanessa 2003, ‘Securing the community? An examination of international psychosocial intervention', (Siani-Davies 2003: 158 – 171).

 

Derek Summerfield 1996: “Assisting survivors of war and atrocity: notes of ‘psycho-social' issues for NGO workers”, Development in States of War (= Development in Practice 5/4), London: Oxfam: 85 – 89.

 

Delpla, Isabelle, 2007, ‘In the Midst of Injustice: The ICTY from the Perspective of some Victims Associations', in: (Bougarel, Helms, Duijzings, chapter 9).

 

Keen, David 2008, ‘Combatants and Their Grievances' (chapter 3 in Keen, Complex Emergencies, pp. 50 - 70 ).

 

Littlewood, Robert 2002, Trauma and the Kanun: Two Responses to Loss in Albania and Kosova, Journal of Social Psychiatry, vol. 48 (2): 86 – 96.

 

Weine, Stevan M. 2000, ‘Redefining Merhamet after a historical nightmare,' (Halpern and Kideckel 2002: 401 – 412).

 

 20. Culturally aware communication in peace-building operations 

 

MGD

 

·        Are there any indigenous local, or national, forms of reconciliation and healing in SEE that would be more appropriate than outside intervention?

·        What are the paradigms of reconciliation as induced from the outside and what are the risks involved when applying reconciliation models from the outside?

·        Is it necessary and useful for international diplomacy to take local specificity or culture into account? Are there risks in that?

·        In what ways should cultural sensitivity be applied in the post-socialist and/or the post-war context in international intervention practices?

 

 

Cohen, Raymond 2005, ‘Negotiating across Cultures' (Turbulent Peace 2005, chapter 28)

 

Bose, Pradip Kumar 2005: ‘Anthropology of Reconciliation: A Case for Legal Pluralism', in: Samir Kumar Das (ed.) Peace Processes and Peace Accords. Sage: London – New Delhi: 98 – 112. [303. 690954 PEAP]

 

Schwandner-Sievers, S. with Sylvia Cattaneo 2005: ‘”Gun Culture” in Kosovo: Questioning the Origins of Conflict', in: Small Arms Survey 2005, Geneva – Oxford: Oxford UP.

   Conclusion & evaluation

Readings/Bibliography

Module1: Anthropology of Postsocialism

 

Abrahams, Ray (ed.) 1996. After Socialism: Land Reform and rural social change in Eastern Europe, Providence – Oxford: Berghahn.

 

AEER = The Anthropology of East Europe Review, available at:

http://condor.depaul.edu/~rrotenbe/aeer/specialissues.html.

Recommended Special Issues:

Culture and Society in the Former Soviet Union, 13/2 (1995)

Out of the Ruins: Cultural Negotiations in the Soviet Aftermath, 16/2 (1998)

Reassessing Peripheries in Post-Communist Studies, 17/2 (1999)

Why Postsocialism Is good to Think, 18/1 (2000)

New Directions in Postsocialist Studies, 20/2 (2002)

Food and Foodways in Postsocialist Eurasia, 21/1 (2003)

Ethnographies of Socialism, 21/2 (2003)

 

Appiah, Kwame Anthony 2006. Cosmopolitanism: Ethics in a World of Strangers, London - New – York: Allen Lane (Penguin).

 

Aslanbeigui, Nahid 1994. Women in the Age of Economic Transformation. London – New York: Routledge. [part I on Eastern Europe]

 

Berdahl, Daphne, Matti Bunzl and Martha Lampland (eds.) 2000. Altering States: Ethnographies of Transition in Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union. Chicago: University of Michigan Press.

 

Borneman, John (ed) 2004. Death of the Father: An Anthropology of the End in Political Authority. Oxford – New York: Berghahn.

 

Boym, Svetlana 2001. The Future of Nostalgia, New York: Basic Books.

 

Bridger, Sue and Frances Pine (eds) 1998. Surviving Postsocialism. Local strategies and regional responses in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. London: Routledge.

 

Brunnbauer, Ulf, Andreas Helmedach and Stefan Troebst (eds) 2007, Schnittstellen: Gesellschaft, Nation, Konflikt und Erinnerung in Südosteurop, Festschrift für Holm Sundhaussen zum 65. Geburtstag, Munich: Oldenbourg Verlag.

 

Brunnbauer, Ulf and Stefan Troebst (eds) 2007, Zwischen Amnesie und Nostalgie: Die Erinnerung and den Kommunismus in Südosteuropa, Vienna: Böhlau Verlag.

 

Buchowski, Michal 1994. Rethinking Transformation: an anthropological perspective on postsocialism, Poznan, Wydawnictwa Humaniora.

 

Burowoy, Michael and K. Verdery (eds) 1999. Uncertain Transition: Ethnographies of Change in the Postsocialist World. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.

 

Caiazza, Amy 2002. Mothers and Soldiers: Gender, Citizenship and Civil Society in Contemporary Russia, London: Routledge.

 

De Soto, Hermine, Nora Dudwick (eds) 1993. Fieldwork Dilemmas: Anthropologists in Postsocialist States, Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.

 

Drakulic, Slavenka 1993. How we survived Communism and even laughed, Vintage.

 

--- 1996. Café Europa: Live After Communism. Harmondsworth: Penguin.

 

Einhorn, Barbara 2002. Cinderella Goes to Market, London – New York: Verso.

 

Gal, Susan and Gail Kligman 2000 (a). The Politics of Gender after Socialism, Princeton University Press

 

Gal, Susan and Gail Kligman (eds) 2000 (b). Reproducing Gender: Politics, Publics, and Everyday Life after Socialism. Princeton University Press.

 

Gardner, Katy and David Lewis 1996. Anthropology, Development and the Post-Modern Challenge. London: Pluto Press.

 

Ghodsee, Kristen 2005. The Red Riviera: Gender, Tourism, and postsocialism on the Black Sea. Durham: Duke University Press.

 

Grandits, Hannes and Patrick Heady (eds) 2003, Distinct inheritances: property, family and community in a changing Europe , Münster: Lit Verlag.

 

Hann Chris (ed.) 2005, St udying peoples in the people's democracies: socialist era anthropology in East-Central Europe, Münster : LIT.

 

Hann, Chris (ed.) 2006, The Post-socialist Religious Question: Faith and Power in Central Asia and East-Central Europe, Lit

 

Hann, Chris (ed.) 2003, The postsocialist agrarian question: property relations and the rural condition, Münster: Lit Verlag.

 

Hann, Chris (ed.) 2002. Postsocialism. Ideals, ideologies and practices in Eurasia. London: Routledge.

 

Hann, Chris (ed.) 2002. Socialism: ideals, ideologies and local practice, ASA, London: Routledge.

 

Hann, Chris and Elizabeth Dunn (eds) 1996. Civil Society: Challenging Western Models. London: Routledge.

 

Higely, John and Gyorgy Lengyel (eds) 2001. Elites after State Socialism. Oxford: Rowman and Littlefield. [specific sub-field (elite continuities and change), limited to Eastern and Central European case studies]

 

Humphrey, Caroline 2002. The Unmaking of Soviet Life: Everyday economies after socialism. Ithaca – London: Cornell University Press.

 

India, Jonathan Xavier and Renato Rosaldo (eds) 2002. The Anthropology of Globalization: a Reader, Oxford – New York: Blackwell.

 

Kaneff, Deema 2003. Who Owns the Past? The Politics of Time in a ‘Model' Bulgarian Village. New York – Oxford: Berghahn Books.

 

Kideckel, David 1995. Local Communities in Eastern Europe, Westview.

 

Kennedy, Michael D. 2002. Cultural Formations of Post-Communism: Emancipation, Transition, Nation and War. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

 

Ledeneva, Alena 1998. Russia's Economy of Favors: Blat, Networking and Informal Exchange. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

 

Leonard, Pamela and Deema Kaneff (eds) 2001. Postsocialist Peasant? Rural and urban constructions of Identity in Eastern Europe, East Africa and the Former Soviet Union. Basingstoke: Palgrave.

 

Mandel, Ruth and Caroline Humphrey (eds) 2002. Markets and Moralities: Ethnographies of postsocialism, Oxford – New York: Berg.

 

Pine, Frances (ed.) 2004, Memory, politics and religion, Münster: Lit Verlag.

 

Sahadoe, Jeff and Russell Zanca (eds) 2007. Everyday Life in Central Asia. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

 

Seabright, Paul (ed) 2000. The Vanishing Rubel: Barter networks and Non-Monetary Transactions in Post-Soviet Societies, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

 

Soyuz: The Research Network for Postsocialist Studies, available at: http://www.abdn.ac.uk/soyuz/.

 

Stryker, Rachael and Jennifer Patico (eds) 2001. The Paradoxes of Progress: Globalization and Postsocialist Cultures, Kroeber Anthropological Society Papers 86.

 

Trigg Dylan 2006. The Aesthetics of Decay: Nothingness, Nostalgia, and the Absence of Reason. New York: Peter Lang.

 

True, Jacqui 2003. Gender, Globalization, and postsocialism: The Czech Republic After Communism. New York: Columbia University Press.

 

Verdery, Katherine 2003. The Vanishing Hectare. Property and Value in Postsocialist Transylvania. Ithaca – London: Cornell University Press.

 

Verdery, Katherine 1996. What was Socialism and what comes next? Princeton University Press.

 

Module 2: Anthropology of Conflict, Violence and Reconciliation

 

Aijmer, Göran and Jon Abbink 2000. Meanings of Violence: A Cross Cultural Perspective. Oxford – New York: Berg.  [IECOB 303.6 MEAO]

 

Allen, Tim et al. 1996: War, Ethnicity, and the Media. London: South Bank University.

 

Allcock, John B. 2000: Explaining Yugoslavia, London: Hurst.

 

Arendt, Hannah 1970: On Violence. New York: Harcourt Brace International.

 

Ashplant, T.G.; Graham Dawson and Michael Roper, (eds) 2004: Commemorating War: The Politics of Memory, New Brunswick – London: Transaction Publishers.

 

Bass, Gary J. 2001: Stay the Hand of Vengeance: The Politics of War Crime Tribunals, Princeton and Oxford UP.

 

Bjelic, Dusan I. and Obrad Savic 2002: Balkan as Metaphor: Between Globalization and Fragmentation. Cambridge, MA  - London: MIT.

 

Black-Michaud, Jacob 1975: Feuding Societies, Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

 

Bennett, Christopher 1995: Yugoslavia's Bloody Collapse: Causes, Curse and Consequences, London: Hurst.

 

Bieber, Florian ans Zidas Daskalovski 2003. Understanding the War in Kosovo. London – Portland (OR): Frank Cass. [949.7103 UNDT]

 

Bowman, Glenn 1994: ‘Xenophobia, fantasy and the nation: the logic of ethnic violence in Former Yugoslavia', in: V. Goddard, L. Josep and C. Shore (eds.), Anthropology of Europe: Identity and Boundaries in Conflict, Oxford: Berg.

 

Bringa, Tone 1995.  Being Muslim the Bosnian Way. Identity and Community in a Central Bosnian Village.  Princeton, Princeton University Press.

 

Brubaker, Rogers 1996. Nationalism Reframed: Nationhood and the National Question in the New Europe. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press.

 

Bougarel, Xavier, Elissa Helms and Ger Duijzings 2007. The New Bosnian Mosaic: Identities, Memories and Moral Claims in a Post-War Society. Aldershot: Ashgate.

 

Burge, Steven L. and Paul S. Shoup 1999: The War in Bosnia-Herzegovina: Ethnic conflict and international intervention, New York: M. E. Sharpe

 

Caiazza, Amy 2002. Mothers & Soldiers Gender, Citizenship, and Civil Society in Contemporary Russia. New York – London: Routledge. [IECOB 301. 047 CAIA]

 

Carmichael, Cathy 2002. Ethnic Cleansing in the Balkans: Nationalism and the destruction of tradition. London: Routledge.

 

Chomsky, Noam 1999: The New Military Humanism. Lessons from Kosovo, Vancouver: New Star Books.

 

Clark, Howard 2000. Civil Resistance in Kosovo. London: Pluto Press.

 

Çolovic, Ivan 2002: The Politics of Symbol in Serbia, London: Hurst.

 

Cottam, Kazimiera J. 1998. Women in War and Resistance: Selected Biographies of Soviet Women Soldiers. Nepean (Canada): New Military Publishing. [940.540947 COTK]

 

Daniel, E. Valentine 1996: Charred Lullabies: Chapters in an Anthropology of Violence. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press.

 

Das, Veena et al (eds) 2000: Violence and Subjectivity. Berkeley – Los Angeles – London: University of California Press.

 

Das, Veena et al. (eds) 2001: Remaking a World: Violence, Social Suffering, and Recovery, Berkeley: U of California Press. [IECOB 302.6 VIOA]

 

Das, Veena 2007: Life and Words: Violence and the Descent in to the Ordinary. Berkeley – Los Angeles – London: University of California Press.

 

De Soto, Hermine, Nora Dudwick (eds) 1993. Fieldwork Dilemmas: Anthropologists in Postsocialist States, Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.

 

Doubt, Keith 2000. Sociology after Bosnia and Kosovo: Recovering Justice, N.Y. – Oxford: Rowman & Littlewood.

 

Drakulic, Slavenka 2004, They Would Never Hurt a Fly: War Criminals on Trial in The Hague, London: Abacus.

 

Duijzings, Ger 2000: Religion and the Politics of Identity in Kosovo, London: Hurst.

 

Elwert, Georg et al. (eds)1999: Dynamics of Violence: Processes of Escalation and De-Escalation in Violent Group Conflicts, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot.

 

Fatic, Aleksandar 2000, Reconciliation via the War Crimes Tribunal?, Aldershot: Ashgate.

Foucault, Michel 1985 [French original 1975]: Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. Harmondsworth: Penguin.

 

Feldman, L., Prica, I. And Senjkovic, R. (eds) 1993: Fear, Death and Resistance: An Ethnography of War:, Croatia: 1991 – 1992, Zagreb: Matrix Croatica.

 

Fleming, K.E. 2000. ‘Orientalism, the Balkans, and Balkan Historiography', American Historical Review 105/4: 1218 – 1233.

 

Gagnon, V.P. Jr. 2004. The Myth of Ethnic War. New York: Cornell University Press. [949.703 GAGV]

 

Gammer, Moshe 2006. The Lone Wolf and the Bear: Three Centuries of Chechen Defiance of Russian Rule. London: Hurst. [IECOB 947.52 GAMM]

 

Gender, Conflict, and Peacekeeping 2005, edited by Mazurana, Dyan et al. London – New York – Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield. [303.69 GENC]

 

Giddens, Anthony 1985: The Nation-State and Violence. Cambridge - London: Polity Press.

 

Girard, René 1995 [1988, French 1972]: Violence and the Sacred, London: Athlone.

 

Glenny, Misha 1996. The Fall of Yugoslavia. London: Penguin. [IECOB 949.703 GLEM]

 

Gow, James 2001: The Serbian Project and its Adversaries: A Strategy of War Crimes, London: Hurst.

 

Gutman, Roy and David Rieff (eds) 1999: Crimes of War: What the Public Should Know. London: W. W. Norton & Company.

 

Halpern, Joel M. and David A. Kideckel (eds) 2000. Neighbors at War: Anthropological Perspectives on Yugoslav Ethnicity, Culture, and History, University Park: UP Pennsylvania.

 

Hammond, Andrew (ed) 2004. The Balkans and the West: constructing the European other, 1945 – 2003. Aldeshot: Ashgate.

 

Hammond, Philip and Edward S. Herman (eds) 2000. Degraded Capability: The Media and the Kosovo Crisis, London: Pluto.

 

Hoare, Mark Attila 2005. How Bosnia Armed.  Saqi Books.

 

Hobsbawm, Eric 2000 [reprint]: Bandits. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.

 

Hobsbawm, Eric 1994: Age of Extremes: The Short Twentieth Century 1914 - 1991. London: Michael Joseph; NY: Viking Penguin.

 

[Horowitz, Donald L. 2003. The Deadly Ethnic Riot. Berkeley – L. Angeles: Univ. of California Press].

 

Hasluck, Margaret 1954: The Unwritten Law in Albania, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

 

IDEA (ed) 2003, Reconciliation After Violent Conflict: A Handbook 2003, Stockholm: International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance.

 

Ignatieff, Michael 2000: Virtual War. London: Chatto and Windus.

 

Ignatieff, Michael 1998: The Warrior's Honor: Ethnic War and the Modern Conscience. London: Henry Holt & Company.

 

Judah, Tim 1997: The Serbs. History, Myth and Destruction of Yugoslavia. New Haven – London: Yale UP.

 

Judah, Tim 2000: Kosovo War and Revenge, New Haven and London: Yale UP.

 

Kaldor, Mary 1999: New and Old Wars: Organised Violence in a Global Era, Cambridge - London: Polity.

 

Kaldor, Mary 2003, ‘Intervention in the Balkans: An unfinished learning process', (Peter Siani-Davies: 32 – 41.

 

Kaldor, Mary 2007: Human Security: Reflections on Globalization and Intervention, London: Polity.

 

Karakasidou, Anastasia N. 1997. Fields of Wheat, Hills of Blood. Passages to Nationhood in Greek Macedonia 1870-1990. Chicago: U Chicago P.

 

[Karpferer 1988. Legends of People – Myths of State: Violence, Intolerance, and Political Culture in Sri Lanka and Australia. Washington D.C.: Smithonian Institute.]

 

Keen, David 2008, Complex Emergencies. London: Polity Press.

 

Kleinmann, Arthur, V. Das and M. Lock (eds) 1997: Social Suffering. Berkeley, Los Angeles and London: University of California Press.

 

Koehler, Jan and Christoph Zürcher (eds) 2003, Potentials of Disorder, Manchester – New York: Manchester University Press.

 

Lederach, John Paul 1997, Building Peace: Sustainable Reconciliation in Divided Societies. Washington DC: United States Institute of Peace.

 

Levi , Primo  1989. The Drowned and the Saved, New York: Vintage.

 

Magas, Branka and Ivo Zanic (eds) 2001: The War in Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina 1991 – 1995, London: Frank Cass.

 

Mazower, Mark 2000. The Balkans, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.

 

Media and War. 2000. Ed. by Nena Skopljanac Brunner et al., Zagrebç Centre for transition and civil society research. [IECOB 949.7103  MEDW]

 

Mertus. Julie 1999: Kosovo: How Myth and Truth Started a War, Berkley: University of California Press. [949.7103 MERJ]

 

Motes, Mary 1999. Kosova - Kosovo: Prelude to War 1966 – 1999. Homestead, FL: Redland. [949.7102 MOTM]

 

Petersen, Roger D. 2002. Understanding Ethnic Violence: Fear, Hatred, and Resentment in Twentieth-Centruy Eastern Europe. Cambridge MA: Cambridge UP.

 

Popov, Nebojsa 2000. The Road to War in Serbia: Trauma and Catharsis. Budpest: CEU. [949.703 ROAW]

 

Problems of Identities in the Balkans. 2006. Ed. by Slobodan G. Markovich et al.  Belgrade: Anglo-Serbian Society.

 

Pugh, Michael 2000, ‘Post-Conflict Rehabilitation: Social and Conflict Dimensions', in: Journal of Humanitarian Assistance, www.jha.ac/articles/a034.htm.

 

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Ramet, Sabrina P. 2005. Thinking About Yugoslavia: Scholarly Debates about the Yugoslav Breakup and the Wars in Bosnia and Kosovo. Cambridge UP. [949.703 RAMS]

 

Rao, Arpana, Micahel Bollig and Monika Böck (eds) 2007, The Practice of War: Production, Reproduction and communication of Armed Violence. Oxford – New York: Berghahn.

 

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Ricoeur, Paul 2004, Memory, History, Forgetting. Chicago – London: University of Chicago Press.

 

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Schöpflin, George and Stefano Bianchini (eds) 1998: State Building in the Balkans: Dilemmas on the Eve of the 21st Century. Ravenna: Longo.

 

Siani-Davies, Peter (ed) 2003: International Intervention in the Balkans since 1995. London: Routledge.

 

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Tambiah, S. J. 1996. Leveling Crowds: Ethnonationalist Conflicts and Collective Violence in South Asia. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press.

 

Thompson, Mark 1999: Forging War. London: University of Luton Press.

 

Todorova, Maria 1997. Imagining the Balkans. New York: Oxford University Press.

 

Todorova, Maria (ed) 2004: National Identities and National Memories in the Balkans. London: Hurst.

 

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Verdery, Katherine 1999: The Political Lives of Dead Bodies. Reburial and Post-Socialist Change. New York: Columbia University Press.

 

Verdery, Katherine 1994: ‘Ethnicity, nationalism, and state-making: Ethnic groups and boundaries, past and future', in: Hans Vermeulen and Cora Govers (eds): The Anthropology of Ethnicity. Beyond ‘Ethic Groups and Boundaries', Amsterdam: Het Spinhuis, pp. 33 – 58.

 

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Weine, Stevan M. 1999: When History Is a Nightmare: Lives and Memories of Ethnic Cleansing in Bosnia -Herzegovina. New Brunswick, New Jersey, London: Rutgers University Press.

 

Wingfield, Nancy M. and Maria Bucur (eds.) 2006. Gender & War in Twentieth-Century Eastern Europe. Bloomington – Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. [940.3082 GENW]

 

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Teaching methods

Introductory lectures and seminar in 20 x 2 hrs classes: course work including core reading assignments, individual student presentations of selected readings (choices available) and 80% AQCI submissions (see next pages); moderated group discussions (MGD-s) and use of innovative hands-on-exercises (e.g. simulation game).

Assessment methods

·        25%: selected presentations of reading texts and general participation in class (in MGD-s and fulfillment of AQCI requirements)

·        25%: mid-course 15-min oral examination,

50%: 3,000 word essay.

Teaching tools

Selected documentary films, simulation exercise (reconciliation workshop), power point, e-communication through course e-account: anthroEE@googlemailcom; password to be provided to the course participants.

Office hours

See the website of Stephanie Schwandner Sievers