74872 - Anatomy

Learning outcomes

At the end of the course, the student knows the organization, both at the macroscopic and microscopic, of the apparatuses that make up the body of animals. In particular, the student is able to describe the anatomical basis of the apparatus of farm animals. It has the basics to follow critically the teachings of physiology and comparative morpho-functional evaluation of animals.

Course contents

The course is aimed to give knowledge about the structural organization of the organs and the apparatus that form the organism of the main species of animals. Both macroscopic and microscopic features will be examined.

Module I

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. Oral cavity and salivary glands. Pharynx. Oesophagus. Abdominal cavity. Peritoneum. Stomach: shape, structure; interspecific differences. Forestomach: shape, structure. Small and large intestine: shape, structure; interspecific differences. Liver: shape, structure; interspecific differences. Pancreas: shape, structure. The digestive system of birds.

UROGENITAL SYSTEM. Kidney, renal pelvis, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra. Testicles: shape, structure; interspecific differences. Epididymis, ductus deferens, accessory genital glands. Ovaries, shape, structure; interspecific differences. Uterine tubes. Uterus: shape, structure; interspecific differences. Placenta. The female genital organs of bird.

NERVOUS SYSTEM. Brain and spinal cord, spinal nerves, autonomic nervous system.

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM. Pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, pancreatic islets, adrenal gland, ovary, testis.

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM. Thoracic cavity. Nasal cavities, larynx, trachea, bronchi. Lung: structure. Bird's respiratory system: syrinx and air sac.

CARDIAC-CIRCULATORY AND LYMPHATIC SYSTEM: blood-vascular system; heart; topography, external and internal conformation. Lymphatic system; bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen and thymus.

Module II

Cytology: structural organization of the cell with particular reference to the cytoplasmic membrane.

Histology. Epithelium: classification and microscopic structure, glycocalyx, microvilli, cilia, stereocilia. Glands: general classification; morphological characteristics of exocrine and endocrine glands. Connective and supportive tissues: cells, ground substance, fibers (collagen, reticular, elastic). Muscular tissue (skeletal, cardiac, smooth); contractile filaments. Nervous tissue; structural organization and functional morphology of the neurons: synapses and neuromuscular junction.

Anatomy. LOCOMOTOR SYSTEM. Osteology: axial, cingular and appendicular skeleton. Interspecific differences. Arthrology: general characteristics of the joints and their classification. Myology: general characteristics of skeletal muscles and their annexes. Principal muscle groups of the trunk and limbs. Skeleton and muscles of the birds. Skeleton and muscles of the birds.

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM IN THE MAMMALS AND BIRDS. Skin: epidermis and dermis. Hypodermis. Skin glands. Skin pigments. Horns and antlers. Hairs. Hoof, claws and nails. Bird’s plumage. Mammary gland: structure; interspecific differences.

Readings/Bibliography

Recommended books

Bortolami R., Callegari E., Clavenzani P., Beghelli V. “Anatomia e fisiologia degli animali domestici”. Edagricole (nuova edizione).

Rosati P., Colombo R., Maraldi N., “istologia”. Ed. Ermes.

Texts to be consulted

König-Liebich “Anatomia dei mammiferi domestici “Vol. I e II. Ed. Piccin.

Hans-Georg Liebich “Istologia ed anatomia microscopica dei mammiferi domestici e degli uccelli”. Ed. Piccin

Teaching methods

For the performance of the frontal lessons will be used PowerPoint presentations projected on the appropriate screen. The practical exercises will be carry out in the dissecting room of the Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (Ozzano dell'Emilia). Practical training with fresh organic material from the slaughterhouse, anatomical preparations.

Assessment methods

Verification of learning is done through an oral test. The oral exam aims to test knowledge acquisition under the program of the course. At each student they will be submitted at least three questions for each modul (module I and module II) inherent to the program. The final grade is the arithmetic mean of the marks obtained in the two didactic modules and is expressed in thirtieths.

Teaching tools

PowerPoint presentation projected on the appropriate screen, fresh organic material retrieved from the slaughterhouse and anatomical preparations.

Office hours

See the website of Roberto Chiocchetti

See the website of Cristiano Bombardi