- Docente: Carla Renata Arciola
- Credits: 8
- Language: Italian
- Teaching Mode: Traditional lectures
- Campus: Bologna
- Corso: Single cycle degree programme (LMCU) in Medicine and Surgery (cod. 8415)
Learning outcomes
At the end of the Course the student has clear the concepts of disease etiology and pathogenesis. H e/she also knows the etiology of disease processes and the pathogenic mechanism of their development. He/she knows the basic defense mechanisms involved in response to pathogens; the morphological alterations that they cause in cells and tissues and their systemic and functional consequences for the organism. He/she is able to connect molecular, morphological, microbiological, immunological and physiological knowledge, with the etiopathogenesis of disease processes. He/she is able to use the knowledge of pathology and physiopathology for the critical interpretation of experimental and clinical data. He/she is able to understand the reasons of the signs and symptoms of disease and possesses the basis for the evidence based clinical practice.
Course contents
Cell Pathology. Cellular adaptations: hypertrophy, hyperplasia, atrophy, metaplasia. Cell injury and cell death: cell swelling; morphology and molecular aspects of necrosis and apoptosis. Intracellular and extracellular accumulations: steatosis, amyloidosis, pathological calcifications. Molecular basis of Alzheimer disease.
Free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Mechanisms of formation and effects on tissues. Enzymatic and non-enzymatic protection systems.
Environmental Pathology. Ionizing radiations and UV light. Electricity as a cause of disease. High and low temperatures as a cause of disease. Smoking-related diseases. Disease related with ethanol abuse. Toxins: with enzymatic activity on cell membranes, with intracellular enzymatic activity, neurotoxins, endotoxins.
Danger signals. Activation of the inflammatory and immune responses by danger signals of exogenous (PAMPS) or endogenous origin (DAMPS).
Biological basis of aging. Role of telomeres and of oxidative metabolism. Progeroid syndromes. Relationship between senescence and cancer.
Inflammation and repair. Etiology and classification of inflammation, inflammation cells and mediators. Acute inflammation, formation of exudate, chemotaxis, phagocytosis. Chronic and granulomatous inflammation. Pathogenesis of tuberculosis. Tissue repair, wound healing, sclerosis, cirrhosis.
General Physiopathology: Haemostasis and hemorrhagic disorders; Thrombosis and Embolism; Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC); Anaemias: thalassemia, erythroenzymopathy, anaemias caused by deficiency of iron, of folic acid and of B12 vitamin (megaloblastic anaemias); Shock; Hypertension; Atherosclerosis and other Arteriosclerosis; Fever and non-Febrile Hyperthermias, Malignant Hyperthermia; Diabetes mellitus physiopathology. An outline of the hypothalamus-pituitary axis physiopathology, of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism, and of adrenal physiopathology. Oedema.
Readings/Bibliography
- Kumar V., Abbass A.K., Fausto N., Aster J.C. “Robbins e Cotran - Le basi patologiche delle malattie”, 8a edizione, Elsevier Italia 2010
- Pontieri G.M., Russo M.A., Frati L. “Patologia Generale" 4a edizione, Piccin 2010
Teaching methods
A total of 64 hour of lectures with slides projection.
Assessment methods
The learning level will be assessed at the end of the Course. The examination will include questions to ascertain the student's knowledge of the program subjects and his/her ability to discuss the etiopathogenesis and general physiopathology of these subjects. The examination will include the histopathology test at the optical microscopy to assess the learning of the General Pathology Laboratory.
Teaching tools
Slides from the lessons are available at the AMS Campus-Alma DL website.
Office hours
See the website of Carla Renata Arciola