58200 - Applied Physics

Learning outcomes

After completing the course the student will have a preparation that allows him to know the general principles of physics, with reference to the main implications in the biomedical field. In particular it is able to: apply the laws of statics to the joints of the human body, including the lower jaw; apply the general laws of mechanics and those of the hydrodynamic fluid to the blood circuit; know and apply the main biological phenomena the basic concepts of electricity 'and magnetism; know the principles of operation and the limits of the main instruments used in the biomedical field.

Course contents

1. Measurement, uncertainty, laws
    1.1 Operational definition of physical quantity and its size
    1.2 Systems of units and fundamental constants, dimensional equations
    1.3 Methodology of the measurements and error theory
    1.4 The physical law: Representations of the physical law
    1.5 Interpolation and extrapolation
    1.6 Elements of vector algebra
    1.7 Examples and problems applied to special cases of biomedical interest

2. Mechanics
    2.1 Kinematics
       2.1.1 Position, displacement, velocity, acceleration
       2.1.2 Composition of motions
    2.2 dynamic
       2.2.1 Fundamental equation for solving the problem of dynamic
       2.2.2 Elastic forces and viscous
       2.2.3 Definition of work and energy
          2.2.3.1 The problem of calculation of work
          2.2.3.2 Fields of conservative forces
          2.2.3.3 Potential energy
          2.2.3.4 Conservation of mechanical energy and total energy
          2.2.3.5 Momentum. Shock and impulse
       2.2.5 Circular motion, rotary motion
    2.3 Equilibrium of the bodies
       2.3.1 First equilibrium condition
       2.3.2 Second equilibrium condition
       2.3.3 Static and Dynamic equilibrium
    2.4 Examples and problems applied to special cases of biomedical interest

3. Solid Mechanics
    3.1 the stress-strain curve for solids (Hook's Law, Young's modulus)
    3.2 Stress of compression, tensile, bending, twisting
    3.3 Toughness, energy and breaking load
    3.4 Applications to the bone (trabecular structure and collagen), fracture mode
    3.5 Trabecular structure of the mandibular bone
    3.6 Shear stress (shear stress) and application to the walls of blood vessels
    3.7 Vessel's walls: muscle activation and feedback mechanism
    3.8 Examples and problems applied to the biomechanics of the human body

4. Fluid Mechanics
    4.1 Classification of fluid motion. Equilibrium in fluids
    4.2 Pascal Principle
    4.3 Hydrostatic pressure
    4.4 Principle of the mercury column sphygmomanometer
    4.5 Archimedes Thrust
    4.6 Surface tension
    4.7 Laplace Law
    4.8 Capillarity (Jurin's law)
    4.9 Continuity equation. Flow in a duct
    4.10 Bernoulli's Theorem
    11.4 Motion of viscous fluids in laminar and turbulent regime
    4.12 Hagen-Poiseuille Law
    4:13 Hydrodynamic circuits
    4:14 Motion of a viscous liquid in a conduct (cardiovascular system)
    4:15 Motion of a body in a viscous fluid - Stokes law
    4.16 Examples and problems applied to special cases of biomedical interest

5. Waves and Oscillations - Acoustics
    5.1 Harmonic Motion. damped oscillations
    5.2 Forced oscillations and resonance
    5.3 Representation of the wave motion, speed and energy of a wave
    5.4 Transverse and longitudinal waves, standing waves
    5.5 Interference, diffraction, beats
    5.6 Acoustic waves, ultrasound, ultrasound
    5.7 Examples and problems applied to special cases of biomedical interest

6. Thermodynamics
    6.1 Temperature and kinetic theory
    6.2 Definition of state and thermodynamic work of a system in thermodynamics
    6.3 The first principle and the internal energy
    6.4 Thermodynamic processes, phase transitions
    6.5 Specific heats and latent heats
    6.6 transformations at constant pressure: enthalpy
    6.7 The second law of thermodynamics: Entropy
    6.8 Thermodynamic potentials
    6.9 Work osmotic and osmotic balance
    6.10 Examples and problems applied to special cases of biomedical interest

7. Electricity and Magnetism
    7.1 Electrostatics, Coulomb's law
    7.2 Properties of the electrostatic field. Charge distributions
    7.3 Potential Energy of a charge distribution
    7.4 Conductors and dielectrics; the capacitor. Electric dipole; the polarization
    7.5 Charges in motion: definition of current density and intensity
    7.6 The potential difference. Joule effect. Electric power
    7.7 The magnetic field properties of the magnetic field
    7.8 The Faraday-Neumann-Lentz law
    7.9 Electromagnetism and Maxwell's laws (outline)
    7.10 Examples and applications: bioelectric potentials, membrane, medical instruments

8. Modern Physics
    8.1 The spectrum of the electromagnetic waves. Ionizing radiation.
    8.1 The particle model. Wave-particle duality.
    8.3 Atomic models, quantization, uncertainty principle.
    8.4 Photoelectric Effect.
    8.5 Compton effect.
    8.6 Principle of the LASER.
    8.7 The discovery of X-rays
    8.8 Radioactivity

9. Elements of Radiology
    9.1 The XR tube
    9.2 Quality of the beam (the HVL)
    9.3 Extrinsic Parameters: kVp, anode current (mA), mAs, filtration and their influence
    9.5 radiological image formation

10. Optics
    10.1 Geometric Optics
    10.2 Reflection, refraction dispersion
    10.3 Mirrors and lenses, the formula of the conjugate points
    10.4 Optical instruments and microscopes
    10.5 Physical optics: interference, diffraction, wave nature of light
    10.6 LASER, types and applications

Readings/Bibliography

1) Lecture notes to the site: http://amscampus.cib.unibo.it/

2) Castellani G., Remondini D., Elementi di fisica in medicina e biologia, Bononia University Press

Teaching methods

Lectures, slides.

Assessment methods

Written / oral examination at the end of the course.

Teaching tools

Slides, films, various teaching materials available to students.

Office hours

See the website of Giuseppe Baldazzi

See the website of Matteo Bersanelli