B8612 - SPORT ACQUATICI

Learning outcomes

At the end of the course, the student will be able to understand the specific training methodology of various sports performed in the aquatic environment, to design, plan, and monitor training sessions aimed at improving performance in aquatic settings, and to understand and apply sport science research to aquatic activities.

Course contents

The theoretical course provides a scientific foundation for understanding and applying training principles in aquatic sports, integrating physiological, biomechanical, and methodological knowledge. The course is structured around three main areas that explore the key determinants of performance, the development of sport-specific physical conditioning, and the planning of training programs in relation to the characteristics of both the athlete and the discipline.

Physiological, biomechanical, and technical elements of performance in water

This area introduces the analysis of the primary determinants of performance in aquatic activities. It delves into the physiological, biomechanical, and environmental components that influence the effectiveness of aquatic movement. Central to this section is the study of the technical model of the high-level swimmer, with a focus on the biomechanical and kinematic parameters that define efficiency in aquatic sports.

Key concepts addressed include oxygen consumption and energy cost in aquatic locomotion, with reference to movement economy and metabolic analysis for performance assessment, in comparison to terrestrial forms of locomotion. The training of energy systems is examined with regard to the aerobic, anaerobic alactic, and anaerobic lactic pathways, aiming to provide a theoretical and practical basis for training design in these disciplines.

The section also introduces the analysis of specific training methods, their classification according to physiological objectives, and the main strategies for monitoring and functionally evaluating athletes in water through the use of standardized testing protocols.

Physical development and conditioning in aquatic sport athletes

This section focuses on strength and power as essential components of performance. The strength requirements of swimmers are defined in relation to event distance and stroke style. Methods for developing strength are examined both in general terms (dryland training, muscular strengthening) and in sport-specific contexts (in-water training using hydrodynamic resistance or technical devices).

The aquatic environment is also explored as a medium for the development of aerobic endurance, taking advantage of water resistance to enhance the relevant energy systems. Additionally, the use of water-based settings for improving joint mobility is discussed, highlighting protocols aimed at increasing range of motion and preventing injury.

The module concludes with the application of these principles not only to swimming but also to other aquatic disciplines such as rowing and kayaking.

Training planning and specificity by age, gender, and discipline in aquatic sports

This area addresses the construction of the functional profile of aquatic sport athletes, with particular attention to swimming, in relation to specialization, distinguishing between sprinters, middle-distance swimmers, and distance swimmers. The implications for technique and training load are analyzed in depth. Training planning and evaluation are discussed based on race distance and seasonal objectives, including periodization models, load distribution, and technique management.

Special attention is given to the specific needs of youth swimming and gender-based differences, with considerations regarding biological development, load sensitivity, and neuromuscular adaptation. The analysis and distribution of swim competitions are included to support effective preparation cycles and peak performance planning. This entire section provides tools for designing training programs according to the specific discipline and competitive context.

Office hours

See the website of Matteo Cortesi

See the website of Giorgio Gatta