00757 - Paleontology

Learning outcomes

At the end of the course, the student has ability on the classic domains of palaeontology, the theory and application of palaeobiology, palaeoecology, palaeobiogeography, biostratigraphy and palaeontologic taxonomy. Particularly the student is able: - to collect and prepare palaeontologic samples; - to identify fossils; - to apply the principles of stratigraphy and especially of biostratigraphy; - to utilise palaeoenvironmental and palaeobiogeographic data and schemes.

Course contents

A short account of the history of palaeontology. Taphonomy. Fossil associations. Biologic, physical and chemical processes in producing skeletal materials. Biostratinomic processes, burial, fossilisation and diagenesis. Fossil deposits. The science of classification. Principles of biologic/palaeontologic nomenclature. Taxonomy and parataxonomy. Taxonomic schools. Evolution. Biologic and palaeontologic evidence of evolution. Development of evolutionary theory from Lamark and Darwin to the modern synthetic theory. Principles of genetics. Codification of characters. Mutations as a primary basis in evolution. Micro- and macroevolution. Variation of gene frequencies in populations for natural selection; mutations; genetic drift. Species origins. Models of phyletic gradualism and punctuated equilibria. Macroevolution. Origin of new structural plans. Evolutionary trends. Rates of evolution. Biologic crises and adaptative radiations. Origin of life and the main steps in evolution of the biosphere. Evolution of living forms in the Precambrian and Cambrian and a short account of the Ordovician to Cretaceous palaeontologic record. Development of contemporary faunas. Ecology and palaeoecology. Autoecology and synecology. Marine ecosystems. Zonations of the benthic and pelagic marine environments. Factors limiting dispersal of marine organisms. Populations. Palaeoichnology: classification and nomenclature of fossil traces; ichnofacies; palaeoenvironmental importance and stratigraphic significance of fossil traces. Stratigraphy: lithostratigraphic, chemostratigraphic, biostratigraphic, magnetostratigraphic, chronostratigraphic and geochronologic units. Global standard chronostratigraphic scale. Time-scale of geomagnetic reversals. Integrated stratigraphic correlations. Palaeobiogeography. Organismic distribution according to models of dispersion and vicariancy. Biogeographic and palaeobiogeographic realms, regions and provinces. Palaeontologic evidence supporting plate tectonics. Peculiarities of insular faunas.

Systematic palaeontology: Foraminifers, radiolarians, diatoms, silicoflagellates, coccolithophorids, sponges including archaeocyathines, cnidarians, bryozoans, brachiopods, molluscs, arthropods (principally trilobites, ostracods, cirripeds, eurypterids), echinoderms, graptolites and conodonts. Morphologic characters, palaeoenviromental significance, evolutionary trends and stratigraphic distribution of these groups. Exercises on identification and description (taxonomy) of fossils.

Readings/Bibliography

S. Raffi & E. Serpagli. Introduzione alla Paleontologia. UTET, Torino.

V. Vialli. Lezioni di Paleontologia. Pitagora, Bologna.

R. Boardman, A.H. Cheetram, A.J. Rowell. Fossils Invertebrates. Blackwell Scientific Publ.

N. Eldredge. Fossils. Aurum Press.

D.R. Prothero. Bringing fossils to life. An Introduction to Paleobiology. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data.

C. Milsom, S. Rigby. Fossils at a Glance. Blackwell.

E. N. K. Clarkson. Invertebrate Palaeontology and Evolution. Blackwell.

Teaching methods

Formal lectures; practical laboratory exercises; field excursions

Assessment methods

Oral examination with practical test on fossil identifications.

Teaching tools

LCD projector; slide projector; overhead projector; blackboard; fossil collections; laboratory tools such as binocular microscopes and floodlights; tools and teaching aids for field excursions.

Office hours

See the website of Maria Cristina Perri