67178 - Hygiene and General Pathology

Learning outcomes

At the end of the course the student has acquired the basic knowledge regarding health and the prevention of illness and is able to deal with any matters concerning hygiene in the work environment. He is acquainted with the problems and the relative laws relating to the disposal of waste in the laboratory. At the end of the learning module the student acquires the basic notions requested for the comprehension of the mechanisms of human pathology, with an accent on cellular and organ pathology, immunopathology and oncology. The course will offer insights into the mechanisms of public health.

Course contents

HYGIENE 

General epidemiology of infectious and parasitic diseases. General aspects. Reserves and sources of infection. Routes of entry and elimination of infective agents.  Direct and indirect transmission  of infectious diseases. Ways in which diseases may appear in the population. Natural disinfectants.

Epidemiological model of degenerative diseases.

Basic general prevention. Aims and methods of prevention. Primary prevention, secondary prevention, tertiary prevention.

General prophylaxis for infectious and parasitic diseases. Notification of infectious diseases, making diagnosis; quarantine measures. Disinfection and sterilisation using physical media (heat, ionised radiation, ultraviolet radiation, plasma gas). Disinfection using chemical methods: acids, alkalines, alcohols, aldehydes,  halogens, phenolcresolics, oxidants, chlorexidine, quaternary ammonium. Disinfection with chemical media in gaseous state. Some applications of disinfectants. Antiseptics. Vaccine prophylaxis. Seroprophylaxis. Chemoprophylaxis. Principal rules of indirect prophylaxis.

Environmental hygiene. Factors influencing thermal comfort. Indoor pollution (bacteriological, physical and chemical). Water (requirements, supply sources). Characteristics of waters in relation to their use. Water destined for human consumption: criteria for potability, potabilization systems, legal requirements. Waste waters (removal, treatment, disposal). Solid wastes

GENERAL PATHOLOGY  

The program and the examination topics have been defined during the last lesson of the course. Concepts of normality and gendre medicine. Homeostasis and bio-compartiments. Body fluids: plasma and serum. Functional reservoir, insufficiency, compense, scompense. Concept of biological damage. Concept of death. Adaptations. Precaution principle. Genetics and ambiental influences. Genetic disease, congenital disease, teratogenesis. Biological effects of low temperatures. Biological effects of radiations. Prions. Asbestosis. Trisomy of chromosome 21. Cellular death: necrosis and apoptosis. Acute inflammation: vascular events. Acute inflammation: cellular events. Acute inflammation: classification. Acute inflammations: chemical mediators. Natural and acquired immunity Immune response. Specificity and affinity of immunological recognition. Antibodies Hypersensitivity: the four types. Autoimmunity: the thyroid paradigm. Neoplasias: definition, malignity, benignity. Oncogenic agents. The model of the adenocarcinoma of the colon: oncogenes, tumour suppressor genes, mutator genes. Natural history of neoplasias: staminal cells, infiltration, metastasis. Death by neoplasia. Senescence. 

Readings/Bibliography

HYGIENE 

The didactic material presented during lectures is made directly available to students in electronic format

 Recommended texts:

Barbuti S, Fara GM, Giammanco G, Carducci A, Coniglio MA, D'Alessandro D, Montagna MT, Tanzi ML, Zotti CM. Igiene. Monduzzi Editore. 2011

Signorelli C.  Igiene, Epidemiologia, Sanità Pubblica.  Società Editrice Universo. 2009

GENERAL  PATHOLOGY 

Free text:

Luigi Barbieri, Enrico Strocchi, Lezioni di Patologia generale, edizione digitale, Rimini, Polo Scientifico Didattico di Rimini, 2011. ISBN 9788897617006 published in <http://amsacta.cib.unibo.it/3067/>http://amsacta.cib.unibo.it/3067/

Reference textbooks

Longo, D.L., Kasper, D.L., Jameson, J.L., Fauci, A.S. (2011) Harrison's principles of internal medicine. XVIII ed. Mc Graw Hill, New York

Kumar, V., Fausto, N, Abbas, A.K., Aster, J. (2009) Robbins and Cotran Pathologic basis of disease. VIII ed. Elsevier Saunders, Philadelphia

Kumar, V., Abbas, A.K., Aster, J. (2012) Robbins basic pathology. IX ed. Elsevier Saunders, Philadelphia

Lakhani, S.R., Dilly, S.A., Finlayson, C.J. (2009) Basic pathology. An introduction to the mechanisms of disease. IV ed. Arnold, London

Rubin, R., Stryer, D.S. (2008) Rubin's Pathology: clinicopathological foundations of medicine. V ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia

Stevens, A., Lowe, J., Scott, I. (2009) Core Pathology. III ed. Elsevier Saunders, Philadelphia

 

Teaching methods

The course is divided into two didactic units (modules): the first (4 CFU) consists of lectures on Hygiene and the second (3 CFU) on General Pathology. The course is extensive: the lectures on Hygiene are held during the first semester and those on General Pathology in the second semester.

Assessment methods

The exam aims to verify the achievement of the following didactic objectives:

- understanding the determining factors for disease and health with the aim of safeguarding and promoting the health of workers and the hygienic safety of the finished product (drug or aliment)

- demonstrating to have acquired the basics for understanding the causes and mechaninisms of onset of human diseases

 

The final mark is a synthesis of the assessments for the two didactic modules that make up the course.

The assessment of students for the General Pathology unit involves a written test  (open questions). The assessment for the Hygiene unit consists of an optional mid-term written test (multiple choice) and a compulsory final oral exam. 

To take the final exam students must register using the Alma Esami, respecting the specified deadlines

 

Teaching tools

Normal teaching devices (video projector. PC. overhead projector)

 

Office hours

See the website of Franca Zanetti

See the website of Luigi Barbieri