Foto del docente

Sandra Costa

Full Professor

Department of the Arts

Academic discipline: ARTE-01/D Museology and Art and Restoration Criticism

Curriculum vitae

Curriculum Vitae (synthetic)

1. Academic career, qualifications and diplomas

 
1977 Diploma of Museology, International University of Art, Florence.
1978 Diploma of Special Studies of Arts Criticism, International University of Art, Florence.
1978 Diploma of specialization in Conservation and Restoration of Artworks, International University of Art, Florence.
1979 Degree in Art studies (School of Humanities and Philosophy, University of Bologna) academic year 1979/1980, final mark: 110/110 cum laude.
1980 D.E.A (diplôme d’études approfondies) in History of Contemporary Art (Université Paris 1), mention très bien (first class honours).
1980 Diplôme de Muséologie 1, ICOM UNESCO, Paris.
1981 Diplôme de Muséologie 2, ICOM UNESCO, Paris.
1981 Diplôme de Muséologie, École du Louvre, Paris.
1985 Italian ministerial qualification for teaching history of art in high schools.
1990 PhD at Université Paris 1 (thèse nouveau régime), mention très bien (first class honours).
1991 PhD for research. Protocol no. 0131/1991 of the Italian Ministry of University and Scientific and Technological Research.
1992 Qualification to be maître de conférences (senior lecturer), section 22 of French CNU (Histoire et civilisation, history and civics).
1994 Qualification to be maître de conférences (senior lecturer), section 14 of French CNU (Langues et littératures romanes, romance languages and literatures).
2007 Qualification to conduct research (habilitation à diriger des recherches, HDR), Université Paris 1.
2008 Qualification to be professeur des universités (professor), class A, first rank.
2010 Member of the CNRS delegation at École Normale Supérieure, Lyon, UMR 5037.
2013 Confirmed qualification to be professeur des universités (professor), class A, first rank, by French CNU (protocol no. 122190241 of 21st January 2013 of the French Ministry of Higher Education and Research).
2014 Appointment as professor hors classe by the French Ministry of Higher Education and Research in recognition of my “forte implication dans l’ensemble des missions de l’enseignant-chercheur” (“strong involvement in missions of teaching and researching as a whole”).
2014 Offered appointment as Professore Associato (associate professor) at Alma Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna.
2021 Offered appointment as Professore Ordinario (Full Professor) at Alma Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna


2. Teaching

 
1981-2003 Gave lectures at the Department of History of Art and Archaeology, Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne.
1986-1996 Taught history of art in high schools in Bologna.
1996-2014 Gave lectures of modern art as maître de conférences (senior lecturer) at Université Pierre-Mendès France (UPMF), Grenoble.
2005-2012 Gave lectures within the French-Italian second cycle degree “La Francia e l’Italia: forme, culture e relazioni europee” (MIFI) at University of Grenoble.
2005-2013 Was in charge of pedagogical services for the international relations of first cycle degree (licence) at the Department of History of Art at University of Grenoble.
2011-2013 Covered the function of Director of international second cycle degree in History of Art and Cultural Heritage Management (French-Italian double diploma jointly issued by University of Grenoble and University of Macerata) at UPMF.
2014 Taught Arts Criticism Methodology and Arts and Cultural Mediation: History, Methods and European Tendencies at Alma Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna.
2016 Appointed as faculty board member of Doctorate in Digital Humanities at University of Genoa.
2017 Gave lectures as visiting professor at Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne within Master Patrimoine et Musées (January).
2017-present Coordinates, together with professor Dominique Poulot, second cycle double degree in Muséologie-Patrimoine/Arti Visive, jointly issued by Alma Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna and Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne.
Since 2018 Lecturer in Museology and Collections at the Master degree course in Visual Arts and at the School of Specialisation in Historical and Artistic Heritage of the Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna.
Since 2020 Lecturer in Museums and Museology / Unité - musées et museology in the international curriculum Arts, Museology and Curatorship (AMaC) of the Master degree course in Visual Arts of the Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna from the academic year 2020-2021.
2021-present Coordinates, together with professor Emilie d'Orgeix, second cycle double degree in Muséologie-Patrimoine/Arti Visive, jointly issued by Alma Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna and EPHE (PSL).
2022 Gave lectures as visiting professor at Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne within Master Patrimoine et Musées (January).
Directions of international research seminars:
2008-2010 Directed the seminar “Organisation, gestion et communication d’une manifestation franco-italienne” within the international programme of Illustrer l’Histoire/Illustrare la storia.
2008-2009 Cooperated with University of Macerata and the Centre of Excellence for Museology of Fermo.
2009-2010 Cooperated with Central Institute for History for Risorgimento of Rome, Central Museum of Risorgimento of Rome, National Photo Library of Rome, and the University of Macerata.
2011 Directed the international interdisciplinary seminar called L’Unité du savoir. Art et science à l’âge classique (questions iconographiques, enjeux didactiques, pratiques de collection) at École Normale Supérieure, Lyon (12th May) and at MSH-Alpes, (13th May).
2012 Directed the seminar Connaître, gérer, valoriser les biens culturels – premières visions croisées, at MSH-Alpes and ARSH, Grenoble, 6th-7th February, 5th-6th March, 2nd-3rd April.
2013 Directed the French-Italian seminar on cultural heritage called Étudier pour conserver, Vision croisée 2, L’apport de la photographie aux methods d’analyse et de gestion de l’œuvre d’art du XXe au XXIe siècle at MSH-Alpes and ARSH, Grenoble, 11th-12th February, 18th-19th February, 11th-12th March, 16th-17th April, 6th-7th May.
2014 Directed the seminars De la réception à la valorisation de l’œuvre d’art, regards croisés sur les acteurs et médias and Histoire du goût et methods d’historiens at MSH-Alpes, Grenoble, 24th March 2014; and Réception et médiation de l’œuvre d’art, 7th April.
2018 The role of the museum today: institutional and professional challenges, 24 September 2018, Bologna, DAMS Lab.
2022 Direction and coordination of the interdisciplinary and international research group Storytelling experiences and communication of Cultural Heritage. Institutional partners: Dipartimento delle Arti Unibo, Dipartimento del Design Polimi, EPHE-PSL Paris, Université Paris 1. Workshops 2022: Bologna 25 October, Milan 27 October, Bologna 14 November, Paris 6 December.


3. Organization of scientific events

 
1990 Presented the museums of the Emilia-Romagna region within the event Musées-Musées, Musée du Louvre, Paris.
1990 Took part in the round table chaired by André Chastel named La politique de tutelle du patrimoine culturel vers 1992, Italian Institute of Culture, Paris.
1992 Took part in the round table in honour of André Chastel and directed the screening of the film Un sentiment de Bonheur, Superintendence for Artistic Heritage, Bologna, 28th April.
Creation of French-Italian study days within Department of History of Art of Université Pierre Mendès-France, Grenoble (with international scientific committee):
1998 Patrimoine et Législation, UPMF, Grenoble, 12th-13th May.
1999 Musées perdus, musées retrouvés, MSH-Alpes, Grenoble, 22nd April.
2000 Le transfert des modèles esthétiques et culturels à l’époque moderne, MSH-Alpes, Grenoble, 6th April.
2001 Patrimoine de la mémoire et mémoire du patrimoine: représentation et formes de la ville européenne, MSH-Alpes, Grenoble, 3rd-4th May.
2003 Connaître, conserver, diffuser le patrimoine artistique et historique. Aspects institutionnels et dimensions socio-économiques, MSH-Alpes, Grenoble, 6th-7th May.
2008 Autour d'un Prince: art et collections, MSH-Alpes, Grenoble, 7th-8th-9th-10th April.
Scientific organization of study days within the École doctorale of Université Pierre Mendès-France, Grenoble:
2005 La peinture « Metafisica », MSH-Alpes, Grenoble, 7th April (in cooperation with Grenoble museum, on the occasion of the exhibition L’art italien et la Metafisica. Le temps de la mélancolie 1912-1935, from 12th March to 12th June).
2005 La peinture de paysage en Italie et en France, MSH-Alpes, Grenoble, 8th December (in cooperation with Grenoble Museum on the occasion of the exhibition Trois maîtres du paysage dauphinois au XIXe siècle, Jean Achard, Laurent Guétal, Charles Bertier, from 3rd December to 12th February 2006).
2008 La gravure et la culture antique à l’époque moderne, MSH-Alpes, Grenoble, 25th September (in cooperation with Université Lyon 2 within the international programme Illustrer l’Histoire/Illustrare la Storia).
Organization and scientific direction of international meetings and seminars:
2006 L’Appel de l’Italie: Les échanges artistiques en Europe à l’époque moderne, Les Français et les Flamands en Italie, MSH-Alpes, Grenoble, 6th-7th-8th December (in cooperation with Grenoble Museum and Musée du Louvre)
2008 La gravure et l’histoire: les livres illustrés de la Renaissance et du Baroque et la conquête du passé, MSH-Alpes, Grenoble, 2nd-3rd October, within the international programme Illustrer l’Histoire/Illustrare la Storia.
2009 Pédagogie et Muséographie, un enjeu d’actualité, MSH-Alpes, Grenoble, 17th-18th-19th March.
2010 Collezioni d’arte e fotografia artistica nell’Italia del Risorgimento/Collections d’art et photographie artistique dans l’Italie du Risorgimento, MSH-Alpes, Grenoble, 4th-5th November, on the occasion of the exhibition Collezioni d’arte e fotografia artistica nell’Italia del Risorgimento/Collections d’art et photographie artistique dans l’Italie du Risorgimento, Old Museum of Painting, Grenoble, from 28th October to 15th November.
2014 Patrimoine et humanités numériques, MSH-Alpes, Grenoble, 10th-12th June (in cooperation with Université Grenoble 3 and CNRS).
2016 Period rooms: allestimenti storici tra arte e gusto e collezionismo (scientific direction by S. Costa, D. Poulot, M. Volait, G. Toscano), within the international research programme Réinvestir le décor historique au musée, sponsored by HeSam Université in cooperation with HiCSA research centre, CoMe section and InVisu research centre of INHA, Paris. Academy of Sciences, 18th-19th April.
2016-2017 Coordinated and supervised scientific direction of the project Il Settecento francese e l’Europa. La nostra modernità. I grandi testi e la loro eredità internazionale with professor Gian Mario Anselmi (FICLIT) within the programmes drawn up with the French-Italian consortium Fonte Gaia and by the scientific partnership between Maison des Sciences de l’Homme-Alpes, Department of Classical Philology and Italian Studies, and Department of Arts of University of Bologna; sponsored by Institut français d’Italie; in cooperation with Department of Philosphy and Communication of University of Bologna.
2018 Coordination and scientific organisation of the international and interdisciplinary study conference L'Esperienza dello spazio: collezioni, mostre e musei, 14-15-16 May 2018, Bologna, Aula Magna Complesso Monumentale di Santa Cristina.
2019 Scientific direction with Gino Ruozzi and in partnership with the Fonte Gaia Academic Consortium of the international and interdisciplinary study conference "La vertigine dell'archivio. Arte, collezionismo, poetiche", 6-7 June 2019, Bologna, Aula Magna Complesso Monumentale di Santa Cristina.
2020 Scientific organisation and coordination of the international conference/seminar Amazing experiences of Cultural Heritage: Evocative and immersive paths from museum to landscape. In partnership with Université Paris 1, Universitad Complutense, Atlas Museo Programme, La Pinacoteca and the Scuola del colorito di Brera, 17, 19, 24, 26 November.
2021 Organisation and coordination with D. Benati, S. Cavicchioli, M. Faietti, A. Nova, G. Wolf, of the conference Raphael: Myth and Perception, 9, 10, 11 June 2021, Bologna Dar. Chairing Session I
Scientific organization of exhibitions and museums:
1983 Supervised the scientific organization of the exhibition I disegni di Victor Hugo, Palazzo Pepoli Campogrande, didactic section of Pinacoteca Nazionale, Bologna, from 10th September to 30th October.
2008 Supervised the scientific organization of the exhibition Illustrer l’Histoire: Andrea Palladio, graveur des Commentaires de Jules César, municipal library of Grenoble, from 9th September to 4th October, on the occasion of European Heritage Days.
2009 Supervised the scientific organization of the exhibition Trattati ad arte. Antichi scritti di architettura da Vitruvio a Palladio, Palazzo dei Priori, Fermo, from 4th December to 31st January 2009 (in cooperation with the Department of Cultural Heritage of the University of Macerata).
2009 Organized the didactic exhibition Illustrer l’histoire d’une formation: gravures et traits d’art italiens en France, Centre de documentation et espace recherche, UFR de Sciences Humaines, University of Grenoble, from 17th March to 10th April.
2010 Supervised the scientific organization of the exhibition Collezioni d’arte e fotografia artistica nell’Italia del Risorgimento/Collections d’art et photographie artistique dans l’Italie du Risorgimento, Central Museum of Risorgimento, Il Vittoriano, Rome, from 14th July to 12th September; and Old Museum of Painting, Grenoble, from 28th October to 15th November; officially sponsored by the Italian Council of Ministers on the occasion of the 150th anniversary of the Italian unification (in cooperation with Marco Pizzo and Paola Callegari, partnership with Central Institute of History of Risorgimento, Central Museum of Risorgimento, Rome and the National Photo Library of Rome.
2011 Took part in the organization of the exhibition Art & Science à l’Age Classique, Public library of École Normale Supérieure (ENS), Hall Denis Diderot, Lyon, from 12th May to 15th June.
2011 Supervised the scientific organization of the exhibition L’Occhio della Memoria/L’Œil de la Mémoire, MSH-Alpes, Grenoble, from 21st January to 15th February; Superintendence of Artistic Heritage and Landscape, Bologna, from 25th March to 10th April; Biblioteca Classense, Ravenna, from 20th April to 30th May; Palazzo dei Priori, Fermo, from 25th September to 30th October (in cooperation with Central Museum of Risorgimento, Rome and Department of Cultural Heritage of University of Macerata).
2012 Appointed as member of the scientific committee that created Museo d’Arte Sacra dell’Ordine dei Cappuccini, Complesso Monumentale di Via Veneto, Rome.
2013-present Appointed as member of the committee for scientific and cultural supervision of Museo d’Arte Sacra dell’Ordine dei Cappuccini, Rome.
2014-2015 Les Muses blessées – Le Muse ferrite 1914-1918, exhibition at Hébert Museum of Grenoble, on the occasion of European Heritage Days; officially sponsored by the Italian Presidency of the Council of Ministers on the occasion of the Italian Presidency of the Council of the European Union, from 19th September 2014 to January 2015 (scientific direction of the programme by Sandra Costa and Marco Pizzo, scientific commissioner Laurence Nesme).
2015 Coordinated and set up the didactical exhibition The Swiss touch in landscape by Michael Jakob, together with professor Lucia Corrain, cluster of Santa Cristina, Department of Arts, Bologna, from 19th October to 27th November. Presented the opening round table and introduced M. Jakob’s, F. Farinelli’s, and R. Milani’s speeches.


4. Other administrative activities and scientific responsibilities

 
2000-2013 Appointed as member of the board of Centre de recherche en histoire et histoire de l’art de l’Italie et des pays alpins (CRHIPA) at University of Grenoble
2001-2006 Appointed as member of “Commission des spécialistes de la Section 22” of CNU (Histoire et civilisation) at University of Grenoble
2004-2013 Appointed as full member of “Section d’archéologie et d’histoire de l’art médiéval et moderne du Comité des travaux historiques et scientifique” (CTHS, an institute of École nationale des chartes). Appointed by the Presidency of the French Republic in the Official Journal of 30th December 2014.
2007-2010 Was responsible for the line of research no. 3 “Interactions et circulations des savoirs : l’Italie au cœur de l’Europe” at Centre de recherché en histoire et histoire de l’art de l’Italie et des pays alpins (CRHIPA) at University of Grenoble.
2008-2012 Appointed as member of the restricted Faculty Council at University of Grenoble.
2008-2012 Supervised scientific direction of the French-Italian programme Illustrer l’Histoire/Illustrare la Storia, selected in 2008 for the European cultural season on the occasion of the French Presidency of the Council of the European Union; in 2010, the Italian Council of Ministers officially sponsored the programme on the occasion of the 150th anniversary of the Italian unification.
2010-2013 Was in charge of international relations at Department of History of Art at University of Grenoble.
2011-2013 Promoted and co-directed second cycle degree/French-Italian master in History of Art and Cultural Heritage Management, jointly issued by University of Grenoble and University of Macerata (Centre of Excellence for Museology of Fermo).
2012-2013 Appointed as expert member of French national commission of Agence évaluation recherche enseignement supérieur (AERES).
2012-2015 Directed, on behalf of France, the international scientific programme Le Muse ferrite 1914-1918/Il patrimonio artistico e la Grande Guerra, in partnership with Central Museum of Risorgimento, Rome, and officially sponsored by the Italian Presidency of the Council of Ministers, on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of World War I.
2013-2014 Appointed as programme coordinator for Maison des sciences de l’homme (MSH-Alpes) of the European programme Access to cultural heritage networks across Europe (ATHENA PLUS) – Competitiveness and Innovation Framework Programme.
2014 Appointed as scientific expert of Fondation des sciences du patrimoine – LabEx Patrima (France) for assessing the programme Héritage, enrichissement, dispersion, mutation et re-création de collection : les transformations du patrimoine matériel.
2016 Took part in the creation of the French-Italian academic partnership Fonte Gaia; was the contact person of this programme at Department of Visual Arts of University of Bologna, together with professors Daniele Benati and Lucia Corrain. In April 2017 the programme Fonte Gaia won the call for projects CollEx-Persée of the French Ministry of Higher Education and Research for designing the policies for excellence in documentation of Italian studies.
2016-2019 Coordinates second cycle degree in Visual Arts, University of Bologna (October 2016).
2016 With Anna Rosellini, conception and design of the AmaC International Curriculum approved for the 2019-2020 academic year.
2017-present Coordinates the research group "Spaces and actors of collecting and connoisseurship" of the Department of Visual Arts at University of Bologna. http://site.unibo.it/spazi-attori-collezionismo-connoisseurship/it
2019-2020 Conceived and designed the Double Title between the international curriculum AMaC of UNIBO and EPHE (École Pratique des Hautes Études) of Université PSL (Paris, Sciences & Lettres).
Since 2019 Expert and scientific reviewer selected by the FNRS (National Fund for Scientific Research of Belgium).
2020 Member of the Commission des Specialistes de Sorbonne Université (Histoire de l'Art Moderne).
2020-2023 Member of the Scientific Committee of the DAR Library.
2020 Member of the Italian Committee of the Comité International d'Histoire de l'Art (CIHA), elected on 22 February 2020, elected to the board in 2021.
2021-2023 Member of the Advisory Board for the thematic area of Cultural Heritage in the Una.RESIN (Recherche.Innovation) team of the Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna within
2022 Appointed to the VRA (University Research Assessment) Panel of Area 10 of the University of Bologna.
2022 Responsible and coordinator with Prof. Alain Duplouy of the double second-cycle Master's Degree Patrimoine et musées (Parcours histoire du Patrimoine et des Musées)/Master's Degree in Visual Arts AMaC international pathway between the Alma Mater-Studiorum-University of Bologna and the Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne.
2022 Appointment as PQ (Professeur Qualifié) in the Scientific Council of the Establishment Public Campus Condorcet, which brings together research and higher education institutions including : Centre national de la recherche scientifique, École des hautes études en sciences sociales, École nationale des chartes, École pratique des hautes études, Institut national d'études démographiques, Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne, Université Sorbonne Nouvelle, Université Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis, Université Paris Nanterre, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord.
2023 Member of the DAR-Unibo Unit within the PRIN Radical Exhibited Thought, P.I. Anna Rosellini.

5. Other international activities

 
1996-2010 Cooperated with Institute for Cultural Heritage and Direction for Culture of the Emilia-Romagna region; co-directed French-Italian publications of the same institute.
2007-2012 Cooperated with University of Macerata, Centre of Excellence for Museology of Fermo, and Central Museum of Risorgimento-Complesso del Vittoriano, Rome.
2012 Took part in Étudier, Enseigner, Éditer. Nouveaux projets autour de l’Italie, MSH-Alpes, 29th February.
2014-2015 Took part in research activities of MSH-Alpes, Grenoble within the research line Images et Textes en corpus. Organized the research workshop Critiques d’art, propagande, mémoire : le patrimoine et la médiation 1914-1918, Rencontres thématiques autour du Patrimoine, MSH-Alpes, Grenoble, 4th May 2015.
2015-2016 Appointed as member of the scientific committee of 141st congress of Comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques of the French Ministry of Higher Education and Research: L’Animal et l’Homme, organized by the Department of Archeology and of History of Art and Medieval and Modern Civilizations (Rouen, 11th-16th April 2016).
2016 Appointed as member of the scientific committee at the international meeting Humanités numériques et Iconographie, MSH-Alpes, Grenoble, 28th-29th November.
Appointed by the French Ministry of Higher Education and Research CTHS Institute (École Nationales des Chartes) to supervise, together with Claire Maître, the scientific direction of researches of theme III at the 141st Congrès national des societies historiques et scientifiques (University of Rouen, 11th-16th April 2016) “L’Animal source d’inspiration” (comité de lecture for history of art composed by Sandra Costa, Claire Maître, Pierre-Yves Le Pogam, Florian Meunier, Anne Pingeot).
2018 Speaker with Frédéric Dassas and Dominique Poulot at the panel discussion: Scénographier la period room ou comment retrouver l'esprit d'un lieu par la reconstitution de son décor intérieur, Paris, Centre de recherche Dominique-Vivant Denon, Louvre, 20 April 2018.
2018 On behalf of the CTHS Institute of the École Nationale des Chartes (Ministère de l'Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche) chairing with Marianne Besseyre the session Enjeux politiques, économiques et technologiques de la transmission des savoirs opening day on Monday 23 April of the 143rd CTHS Congress, La transmission des savoirs, Paris, INALCO, 23-27 April 2018, under the high patronage of the President of the French Republic.
2018 Participation in the École Doctorale de l'Université Paris 1 : member of the Jury de Thèse of Kim Hangyul (Paris, INHA, 18 December 2018).
2019 Speaker at the Italian-French Days, University Teaching in Heritage Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage, French Embassy in Florence, 21 and 22 May 2019.
2019 Speaker at the Round Table of the International Consortium Fonte Gaia, IMAG Université Grenoble-Alpes, 18 June 2019.
2019 Speaker at the International Colloquium, L'esprit Curieux : collectionner en Europe (de Vasari à nos jours), Paris, Académie Polonaise des Sciences, 24 and 25 October 2019.


6. Editorial boards

 
1985-1995 Member of editing board at the magazine Arte (Milano Mondadori).
1995-2011 Member of editorial board of the collection Bibliographie des Écrivains français (BEF) (Rome-Paris, Memini).
2010-2012 Member of reading committee and editing board of “Cahiers du CRHIPA” of University of Grenoble.
2010-present Member of reading committee of Éditions du CTHS.
2010-present Member of review panel of the magazine Il capitale culturale – Studies on the Value of Cultural Heritage.
2015-present Directs the series Arte of Bononia University Press.
Since 2018 Director of the collegArti Alma DL series dedicated to writings by Master's degree students and young scholars.
Since 2020 Member of the Scientific Committee of the journal Kritikè.
2022 Organisation, direction and coordination of the Scientific Committee of the journal MMD Museum Materials Discussions, Bologna University Press.
Main areas of research
1) History of public and private collections and aspect of international collecting in modern and contemporary ages. Aspects of the critical and methodological relation between creation and appreciation.
2) History, practices, and methodology of protection, conservation, presentation to the public, valorisation and mediation of the cultural-artistic heritage: comparative aspects and European procedures.
3) Story case, methods and problems of international movement and critical success of ideas, artworks and artists.
I coordinate the group of research “Spazi e attori del collezionismo e della connoisseurship” at Alma Mater Studiourm – University of Bologna. https://site.unibo.it/spazi-attori-collezionismo-connoisseurship/it
From 2016, I am a member of LUHCIE (Laboratoire Universitaire Histoire Culture Italie Europe) of University of Grenoble. From 2016, I am an associate member of IHRIM (Institut d’Histoire des Représentations et des Idées dans les Modernités), École Normale Supérieure, Lyon.