1. Interannual and Decadal Variability of the Indo-Pacific
The Indo-Pacific exhibits interannual (ENSO, IOD) and decadal (PDO) oscillations that regulate tropical energy budgets. These modes modulate Walker–Hadley circulations and exert basin-wide impacts on global hydroclimate variability.
2. Seasonal Forecasting
Seasonal predictability arises from ocean–atmosphere initialization and coupled GCM dynamics. Forecast skill depends on the representation of ENSO-driven modes, advanced data assimilation techniques, and the reduction of systematic coupled model biases.
3. Tropical–Extratropical Teleconnections
Tropical modes excite Rossby and Kelvin wave trains that modulate extratropical circulation. ENSO and IOD interact with NAO, PNA, and jet stream dynamics, driving remote anomalies in temperature and precipitation across mid-latitudes.
4. Fundamental Climate System Dynamics
The climate system is governed by nonlinear conservation laws of mass, momentum, and energy, with radiative coupling and interactive feedbacks (ice–albedo, water vapor, biosphere). Its evolution reflects both external forcings (solar, anthropogenic) and internal variability.
