-
Isolation and immuno-functional characterization of mesenchymal stem cell populations residing in adult tissues and extra-embryonic tissues.
-
Investigation of the differentiation potential of mesenchymal and epithelial stem cells residing in the amniotic membrane.
-
In vitro differentiation studies of human mesenchymal stem cells derived from extra-embryonic tissues, with a specific focus on angiogenic commitment of amniotic membrane–derived cells.
-
Development of serum-free culture methods for cell therapy approaches using stem cells isolated from the amniotic membrane.
-
In vitro engineering of pancreatic islets from stem cells isolated from the amniotic membrane.
-
Identification and functional role of tolerogenic molecules in immunomodulatory processes mediated by placenta- and extra-embryonic tissue–derived stem cells.
The amniotic membrane, the innermost layer of the fetal membranes, is a unique reservoir of stem cells with significant potential for application in Type 1 Diabetes therapy. It is composed of two distinct compartments: an epithelial layer, which yields amniotic epithelial cells (AECs) capable of acquiring insulin-secreting phenotypes and functions, and a connective stromal layer, from which mesenchymal cells (AM-MSCs) can be derived. AM-MSCs are particularly valued for their angiogenic, trophic, and immunomodulatory properties. Both cell populations display broad differentiation potential (adipogenic, osteogenic, chondrogenic, cardiomyogenic, hepatocytic, and angiogenic), with AM-MSCs excelling in angiogenesis, thus providing a supportive role in revascularization following pancreatic islet transplantation.
The possibility of generating insulin-secreting pancreatic cells from AECs in vitro, combined with AM-MSCs to provide vascular and immunological support, represents a promising alternative to donor islet transplantation. Central to this approach is the use of three-dimensional (3D) culture systems, which closely recapitulate the architecture and functionality of native pancreatic islets, thereby improving cell survival, integration, and therapeutic efficacy.
The amniotic membrane stands out as an attractive source of stem cells: it is readily available, ethically acceptable as it is derived from post-partum discarded tissue, and endowed with remarkable immunomodulatory features. These include inhibition of T, B, and NK cell activation, suppression of dendritic cell maturation, and induction of regulatory T cells. Collectively, these properties generate a tolerogenic immune environment that reduces the risk of post-transplant rejection.
In this framework, amniotic-derived cells, alone or in combination with pancreatic progenitors, and their integration into 3D models, emerge as a highly innovative and potentially transformative strategy for developing novel cell-based therapies for Type 1 Diabetes.
