75724 - Religions and Philosophies of India (1) (LM)

Learning outcomes

After completing the course, students obtain a higher level knowledge of the philosophical and religious thought of South Asian cultures and critically understand the socio-cultural and historical matrix of the main religious traditions and the history of Religions in the Indian world. They apply investigative methodologies to address issues relating to contexts characterized by cultural, linguistic and religious pluralism, critically promoting their relevance. They develop the ability to make valid judgements in the historical-philosophical and historical-religious fields and critically recognise the ethical-political implications of the philosophical and religious positions studied. They are able to communicate in written and oral form the knowledge they have acquired, using communication methods appropriate to the above contexts and taking into account their audience. They also master the relevant specialist bibliography and are able to progress independently in their own research.

Course contents

Bhakti and tantra in medieval/pre-modern Hinduism.

 

The analysis of the historical importance of devotional ("bhakti-") and tantric currents in the formation of medieval Hinduism will follow the following themes:

- The concept of "experience" in the study of mysticism and in philosophical and religious comparison.

- Features of personal relationship with the divine in bhakti.

- Aesthetic categories and description of the mystical experience.

- Duality / Non-duality.

- Yoga in medieval India. Practices of immortality in haṭhayoga.

- What is Hinduism? The Indian dossographers and the problem of the constitution of the unity of Hinduism in pre-modern times.

 

 

Readings/Bibliography

Please note:
Students who are not familiar with Indology should read the text of Giorgio R. Franci, Induismo (Bologna: Il Mulino, 2000), which provides a good introduction.

 

Reading list for attending students:

1. Franci, G.R., La bhakti. Mistica e devozione nelle tradizioni indiane,  Milano: Unicopli 2020.

2. Padoux, A., Tantra, tr. it. Torino : Einaudi, 2011.

3. Rigopoulos, A., Hinduismo, Brescia: Queriniana, 2005, capp. 6 (“Le nove caratteristiche della bhakti”), 7 (“Il guru”) e 8 (“Lo yogin”).

 

Reading list for non-attending students:

1. Franci, G.R., La bhakti. Mistica e devozione nelle tradizioni indiane, Milano: Unicopli 2020.

2. Padoux, A., Tantra, tr. it. Torino : Einaudi, 2011.

3. Rigopoulos, A., Hinduismo, Brescia: Queriniana, 2005, capp. 6 (“Le nove caratteristiche della bhakti”), 7 (“Il guru”) e 8 (“Lo yogin”).

4. Torella, R., Introduzione a Vasugupta, Gli aforismi di Śiva, con il commento di Kṣemarāja , a cura di R. Torella, Milano: Adelphi, 2013.

 

Suggested readings for the short written work (see below, Assessment methods):

Subject 1. Historical significance of tantra in medieval Hinduism. Immortality practices in Hathayoga and Indian alchemy.

- Torella, R., Introduzione a Vasugupta, Gli aforismi di Śiva, con il commento di Kṣemarāja , a cura di R. Torella, Milano: Adelphi, 2013.

- White, D.G., Il corpo alchemico : le tradizioni dei Siddha nell'India medievale , Roma : Mediterranee, 2003.

- Mallinson, J. – Singleton, M., Le radici dello yoga, tr. it. Roma: Ubaldini, 2019.

- [Haṭhayoga-pradipikā , tr. it.] , La lucerna dello hatha-yoga , a cura di G. Spera, Torino: Promolibri, 1990.

- [Śiva-saṃhitā , tr. it.] Lo yoga rivelato da Śiva, a cura di M. P. Repetto. - Torino : Promolibri, 1990.

- [Gheraṇḍa-saṃhitā , tr. it.] Insegnamenti sullo yoga : Gheranda-samhita, a cura di S. Fossati, Torino : Promolibri, 1994.

 

Subject 2. The concept of "experience" in the study of mysticism and in the field of philosophical and religious comparison (possible explorations in the territories of the Hindu bhakti, of medieval Indian mysticism, of the Indo-Islamic culture, and twentieth-century Japanese philosophy).

- Halbfass, W. The Concept of Experience in the Encounter Between India and the West, in Halbfass, W., India and Europe, pp. 378-402.

- [Majma'Al-baḥrayn di Dārā Sikōh, tr. it.] La congiunzione dei due oceani, a cura di S. D'Onofrio e F. Speziale, Milano: Adelphi, 2011.( The book contains a remarkable introductory essay by S. D'Onofrio and F. Speziale)

- Caracchi, P., Rāmānanda. Un guru tra storia e leggenda, Alessandria: Edizioni dell'Orso, 2017.

- Milanetti, G., Il dio senza attributi: yoga, conoscenza e devozione nella pratica spirituale dei "Sant" , Roma: Ubaldini, 1984.

- Milanetti, G., Il divino amante: la pratica spirituale indiana della via dell'amore, Roma: Ubaldini, 1988.

- Haberman, D.L., Acting as a Way of Salvation : a Study of Raganuga Bhakti Sadhana, New York ; Oxford: Oxford University press, 1988.

- Nishida Kitarō, Il corpo e la conoscenza: l'intuizione attiva e l'eredità di Cartesio, a cura di Matteo Cestari, Cafoscarina, Venezia 2002.

- Nishida Kitarō, Uno studio sul bene, a cura di Enrico Fongaro, Bollati Boringhieri, Torino 2007 (The book contains a remarkable introductory essay by G. Pasqualotto).

 

Subject 3. The Indian doxography and the problem of the construction of the unity of Hinduism in pre-modern era.

- Halbfass, W., The Sanskrit Doxographies and the Structure of Hindu Traditionalism, in Halbfass, W., India and Europe, Albany: S.U.N.Y. Press, 1988, pp. 349-368-

- Nicholson, A. J., Unifying Hinduism : Philosophy and Identity in Indian IntellectualHhistory , New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 2010.

- Lorenzen, D.N., Who invented Hinduism?, in «Comparative Studies in Society and History» 41/4 (Oct. 1999), pp. 630-659.

Teaching methods

The course consists of taught classes, with commented readings of texts.

Assessment methods

Students who attend at least 75% of the lessons are considered to be attending.

Oral examination, with a simultaneous discussion of a short written work (max. 10,000 characters) produced by the student on a topic agreed with the teacher.

The exam interview starts from a brief discussion of the essay, which is followed by two questions regarding the two main topics of the course (bhakti and tantra).

The assessment takes into account the strength of the preparation, the student's ability to critically deal with methodological problems, the clarity and the ability to use appropriate scientific terminology.

Grading is based primarily on an assessment of the student's preparation, but will also take into account her/his ability of analysis and synthesis, clarity in both written and oral exposition, and use of an appropriate language and terminology.

More specifically:

• An comprehensive vision of the topics dealt with in the course, the capacity for their critical analysis, and the use of a precise and appropriate terminology, will be evaluated with excellent to good marks;
• A good / acceptable, but not in-depth knowledge of the subject, a limited ability in elaborating a synthesis and in producing an analysis, a use of an acceptable but not always accurate language, will be evaluated with marks ranging form mere pass level to average;
• The lack of knowledge of the topics dealt with, the lack of preparation in elaborating analysis and synthesis, the use of inaccurate terminology and the lack of familiarity with the course bibliography, will lead to the failure to pass the examination.

This 6 CFU course can be chosen as a part of the 12 CFU Integrated Course “Indian Civilization (C.I.) (LM)".

If the student has the Integrated Course (12 CFU) in his/her study plan, the final grade will result from the arithmetic average of the marks obtained in the two parts (“Intellectual History of Modern and Contemporary India(1) (LM)" and “Religions and Philosophies of India (1) (LM) “).

Office hours

See the website of Saverio Marchignoli