00088 - Chemistry

Learning outcomes

At the end of the course the student has a preparation that will enable him to know: a) the basic concepts of general chemistry b) the relationships between the molecular structure and the biological role of the principal compounds present in the human body and the common nutritional factors c) The principles by which these compounds can interact with each other and modify to allow cells to perform basic and specialized functions. In particular, the student is able: to know the properties of water, solutions, acids, bases and salts, with particular reference to inorganic and crystalline structures present in dental tissues; to identify the chemical properties, structural characteristics, molecular organization and spatial orientation, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids, referring to the main biological functions they perform in the human body and, in particular, in dental tissues; to interpret cellular energy production processes referring to the laws of thermodynamics; to know the principles governing the mechanisms of enzymatic catalysis; to use the acquired knowledge to define and interpret the biochemical and molecular bases of some important physiological and physiopathological processes concerning the stomatognathic apparatus.

Course contents

The structure and properties of the atom - The structure of the core and the fundamental particles of the atom. Structure of the atom according to the wave mechanics. Orbitals, quantum numbers. Principles of aufbau, Pauli, Hund. Effective nuclear charge. Periodic table of elements and properties. Energy of ionization, electronic affinity, electronegativity and metallic character.

Chemical bonds - Covalent bond. The fundamental state and the value of atoms. Hybridization of carbon orbits. Ionic bond. Ionic valence. Properties of ionic compounds. Hess law and Born-Haber cycle. Components of the reticulated energy: Madelung's energy, electronic repulsion and interaction in London. The metallic bond. Orbital bonds and antilegame. Bands theory. Conductors, insulators and semiconductors. Weak and intermolecular bonds. Dipoles and repulsive forces. Polar, apolar, hydrophilic, hydrophobic and anophytic molecules. Hydrogen bond. Minimum, molecular and structural formulas. Calculation of molars and molar mass.

Thermodynamics - First and Second Law of Thermodynamics. Exothermic and endothermic reactions. Definitions of enthalpy and entropy. Free energy. Spontaneous, irreversible, equilibrium, exoergonic and endoergonic processes.

Material Properties - Gaseous and liquid state of matter. Amorphous and crystalline solid state. Grading of crystallinity. The crystalline lattice and unit cells. The Bravais lattices. Defects in crystal structures. Gaseous, liquid and solid solutions.

Chemical and kinetic reactions - Stoichiometric equation. Chemical kinetics. Canonical equation. Collision theory and steric effect. Activation energy and theory of activated complex. Speed constants. Reaction Order. Arrhenius equation. Catalysts.

Chemical equilibrium - Equilibrium and heterogeneous chemical equilibrium. Factors that influence chemical balance. Law of mass action. The principle of Le Chatelier or of the mobile equilibrium. Balances in aqueous solution. Ionic water product. Definition and strength of acids and bases. Ka and Kb. Concept of pH and calculation formulas. Henderson-Hasselbalch equation. Mono- and polyprotic acids. Pad solutions. Phosphate buffer and bicarbonate. Neutralization. Molar solubility, ionic product and solubility. Get low soluble. Factors that change solubility. Common ion.

Electrochemistry - Ionic and electrolytic solutions. Ionic force. Conductivity of the electrolytes. Electrical potential, electromotive force. Galvanic cells or cells. Hydrogen electrode. Reduction standard potential. Nernst's equation. Electrolysis. Chemical, electrochemical and microorganism corrosion.

Organic Compounds - Stereoisomers. Enantiomers. Diastereoisomers. Sterochimics D and L. Isomers cis-trans. Monosaccharides. Aldosi and ketosis. Cyclic structures. Constitutional, configurational and conformational isomers. Monosaccharide derivatives: esters, acids, amino sugars. The glycosidic bond. Disaccharide and polysaccharide. Glycosaminoglycans. Saturated, unsaturated and essential fatty acids. Triglycerides. Glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, glycolipids. Cholesterol. Structure, classification and properties of protein amino acids. Essential amino acids. The peptide bond. Primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure of proteins. Globular and fibrous proteins. Glycoproteins. Proteoglycans.

Readings/Bibliography

F.A. Bettelheim et al. - Chimica e Propedeutica Biochimica. Seconda edizione. EdiSES.

Siliprandi e Tettamanti - Biochimica Medica. Strutturale, metabolica e funzionale. Quinta edizione. PICCIN

Teaching methods

Frontal learning, laboratory exercises and seminar activities concerning the stomatognathic apparatus.

Assessment methods

Written test

Teaching tools

Video projector, PC, laboratory instruments. Availability of lecture presentations in electronic format. The provided teaching material is not sufficient to pass the exam and must be supplemented by a text-book.

Office hours

See the website of Vitaliano Tugnoli

See the website of Cristiana Caliceti