66992 - Organic Chemistry (A-L)

Academic Year 2017/2018

  • Moduli: Pier Giorgio Cozzi (Modulo 1) Riccardo Amorati (Modulo 2)
  • Teaching Mode: Traditional lectures (Modulo 1) Traditional lectures (Modulo 2)
  • Campus: Bologna
  • Corso: First cycle degree programme (L) in Biological Sciences (cod. 8012)

Learning outcomes

After completing the course , the student will have the knowledge necessary to the understanding and use of the main organic compounds in the level of classification , structure and properties. The student also acquires the main concepts useful for the interpretation of the reactivity of organic compounds . Finally , through simple experiments of preparation and isolation of organic compounds , the student completes and builds their knowledge of basic organic chemistry , also useful to the understanding of biological compounds

Course contents

1. Orbitals. Introduction to electronic structure of ionic and covalent chemical atomi.Legame polarized. Hybrid and hybrid concepts. Polarity and electronegativity. Acids and bases. Nucleophiles and electrophiles. Definition. The rule of the arrows. Organic reactions. The movement of electrons.

2 . functional groups. Description and recognition of the main functional groups: alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, arenes, alcohols, halides, aldehydes, ketones, phenols, thiols, amines, carboxylic acids, esters, amides, anhydrides, tiolesteri, acyl halides.

3. Alkanes and cycloalkanes. Nomenclautura. Concept of isomerism and empirical formula. structural formula. Conformations of 'ethane. Reactions of alkanes: radical chlorination. Representation of structures. Cycloalkanes and cis-trans isomerism in cycloalkanes .Conformazioni in cycloalkanes (only cyclohexane). cyclohexane mobility. Isomers cis / trans in cycloalkanes.

4. Stereochemistry. Definitions. Chirality. Stereogenic. Assignment of the absolute configuration: diastereoisomers. meso compounds. Compounds with two stereocenters. Fischer projections.

5. Alkenes. organic reaction mechanisms. Electrophilic addition to alkenes. Structure and stability of carbocations. Addition of hydrogen halides to alkenes acids. Addition of Bromine. Addition of oxygen (oxiranes). conjugated diene. The scale of Mayr. Nucleophiles and electrophiles. Nods to HSAB theory.

6. Alkynes. Nomenclature, structure and acidity of alkynes. Reaction acetylide anion. Reaction with various electrophiles.

7. Alkyl halides and reactions SN1 and SN2 substitutions. The elimination reactions E1 and E2.

8. aromatic hydrocarbons. Resonance. Electrophilic aromatic substitution. Halogenation of benzene. Alkylation reaction according to Friedel-Crafts. Halogenation, nitration, and sulfonation of benzene. Reactivity of aromatic compounds in the aromatic substitution reactions .. Effect of substituents: activating or deactivating group. Other aromatic compounds. Definition of aroma. The Hückel rule. aromatic heterocyclic compounds: pyridine, furan, thiophene and pyrrole. electrophilic substitution reaction in the heteroaromatic compounds. Purine-pyrimidine and nucleic acids. Nucleic acids and nucleotides. Porphyrins and corrine. Porfirinogeno.

9. carbonyl compounds. Structure and reactivity of the carbonyl group. Reaction of nucleophilic attack on the carbonyl compounds. Reactions of addition of water, ammonia, HCN, amine derivative (hydrazine, hydroxylamine, phenylhydrazine). Formations of acetals. Attack hydride ions. Reduction with NaBH4 and LiAlH4. The metal-organic compounds. Organolithium, organozinc and organomagnesium. The Grignard reagents. Keto-enol. Reactivity of enols. Halogenations alpha ketones and aldehydes. Formations of enolates. Reactivity of enolates. Aldol condensation. Aldol condensation cross.

10. Alcohols, phenols and ethers: Nomenclature. Physical Properties. Reaction of alcohols. Reactions of oxidation and reduction. Epoxides reaction. Reactions of epoxides. Thiols. Aldehydes and ketones: nomenclature. And hybridization properties. Oxidation of aldehydes

11. Carboxylic acids and derivatives: nomenclature. Structure of carboxylic acids. Acidity. Reaction Nucleophilic acyl. Reaction of carboxylic acids. Reactions of amides and esters chlorides The malonic ester synthesis. Condensing alcoholic. Formation of alpha-beta unsaturated compounds. Claisen condensation.

12. Amines: nomenclature, structure and reactivity. Reactions of amines. Alkaloids: notes ..

13. Carbohydrates: Classification. Sugars D or L. formations hemiacetals. Mutorotazione. Conformation of monosaccharides. Haworth projections. Glycosides. Reactions of monosaccharides: oxidation and reduction. Disaccharides: the cellobiose, maltose and saccharose. The polysaccharides. Starch, cellulose. Amino sugars nods.

14. Amino acids. Structure. Names of all 20 amino acids. basic amino acids and amino acids. Dipolar structure and isoelectric point. Peptides. peptide bond. Analysis of the peptides. Edman degradation. Synthesis of peptides. Protein: Background. The enzymes.

15. Lipids: Background. Fats and oils. Soaps. Phospholipids. Steroids. biological membranes

Readings/Bibliography

Teaching material (PDF files) only available for students insripted to distribution list

TEXTS Recommended:
ESSENTIAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY. by Bruno Botta. Edi-Ermes

Organic Chemistry. Paola Bruice.  Pearson College Div ed. 2013.

Teaching methods

Use a blackboard to clarify and show detailed examples of concepts, reactions, and response reactions. Lucids summarizing the lessons are available to students on AMS campus.

Assessment methods

Written test.

Series of 7 theory questions and 1 laboratory application.

The theoretical questions include:

Nomenclature. reaction mechanisms. Reattività.Comportamento of organic species. Stereochemistry. conduct functional groups.
Time for the script. 1 hour and 30 minutes.

Teaching tools



15-20 minutes of exercise during all the lessons successiive the first 5. Exercises on exam papers at the end of the course.

Office hours

See the website of Pier Giorgio Cozzi

See the website of Riccardo Amorati